Abstract
The mechanical properties of sand: stiffness, cohesion and, to a less extent, friction angle can be increased through the process of grouting. A constitutive model adapted for cohesive-frictional materials from a homogenization technique which allowed us to integrate constitutive relations at the grain level has been developed to obtain constitutive equations for the equivalent continuous granular medium. A representative volume was obtained by mobilizing particle contacts in all orientations. Thus, the stress–strain relationship could be derived as an average of the behavior of these local contact planes. The local behavior was assumed to obey a stress-dependent elastic law and Mohr–Coulomb’s plastic law. The influence of the cement grout was modeled by means of adhesive forces between grains in contact, which were added to the contact forces created by an external load. The intensity of these adhesive forces is a function of nature and amount of grout present inside the material and can be reduced due to a damage mechanism at the grain contact during loading. In this paper, we present several examples of simulation which show that the model can reproduce with sufficient accuracy the mechanical improvement induced by grouting as well as the damage of the grain cementation during loading.
Highlights
Microstructural models for inelastic stress–strain behavior of granular material can be derived from properties of interparticle contacts
In order to be able to model the mechanical behavior of cohesive-frictional material, we have extended the capability of the microstructural plasticity model by including internal forces at the grain contacts in order to reproduce the effect of grain adhesion
We have adapted a microstructural model developed for non-cohesive granular materials to the mechanical behavior of grouted sand
Summary
Microstructural models for inelastic stress–strain behavior of granular material can be derived from properties of interparticle contacts. Taylor’s (1948) concept, developed long ago in the slip theory of plasticity for polycrystalline materials by Batdorf and Budianski (1949) These ideas were applied by Pande and Sharma (1982) to rocks and soils in what they called the overlay model, and to concrete by Bazant et al (1995) in the so-called microplane model. Along these lines, we have developed a new stress–strain model which considers inter-particle forces and displacements (Chang and Hicher, 2005). The adhesive forces simulate the effects of a cement grout incorporated inside the pores of the granular material
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