Multiple Modernities and Islamism in Iran

Abstract

The author challenges the idea of a single and homogeneous modernity. Multiple modernization programs have been launched in many countries in general and in Muslim countries in particular. A great part of the literature on modernization of Muslim countries ignores the multiplicity of modernization processes in those countries. Using Iran as an example, the author presents an alternative theoretical tool for understanding modern developments in Muslim countries. The author argues that Iran did not go through a single modernization program, but several, and was affected by many factors such as Western interventions and wars, internal socioeconomic and cultural transformations, and the emergence of new political groups and ideologies. Among others, Islamic groups and parties have been engaged in modern economic, political and sociocultural transformations. A genuine democratic system therefore should include Islamic groups and parties in order to strengthen and legitimize democratic systems.