Abstract
In this study, feather was used as the source of protein and combined with copper and boron salts to prepare wood preservatives with nano-hydroxyapatite or nano-graphene oxide as nano-carriers. The treatability of preservative formulations, the changes of chemical structure, micromorphology, crystallinity, thermal properties and chemical composition of wood cell walls during the impregnation and decay experiment were investigated by retention rate of the preservative, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electronic microscopy-energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermoanalysis (TG), and confocal Raman microscopy (CRM) techniques. Results revealed that the preservatives (particularly with nano-carrier) successfully penetrated wood blocks, verifying the enhanced effectiveness of protein-based preservative with nano-carrier formulations. Decay experiment demonstrated that the protein-based wood preservative can remarkably improve the decay resistance of the treated wood samples, and it is an effective, environmentally friendly wood preservative. Further analysis of these three preservative groups confirmed the excellent function of nano-hydroxyapatite as a nano-carrier, which can promote the chelation of preservatives with higher content of effective preservatives.
Highlights
Wood is a conventional construction material, but wood products that have direct contact with outdoor soil without protection become less stable and present serious deterioration through the decay and degradation in the ambient environment, which may result huge economic losses and resource waste because wood materials are susceptible to being damaged and destroyed by microorganism such as fungi, bacteria and insects
The preservative formulations were made from hydrolyzed feather protein, copper sulfate (CuSO4 ·5H2 O) and sodium borate (Na2 B4 O7 ·10H2 O)
The treatability of Cu in pretreated wood samples was 84.6% to 87.9%, while the treatability of B in pretreated wood samples was 89.6% to 95.5%. This fact suggested that the three preservative formulations could effectively penetrate wood blocks since ammonium hydroxide is a good dissociating agent [4,5]
Summary
Wood is a conventional construction material, but wood products that have direct contact with outdoor soil without protection become less stable and present serious deterioration through the decay and degradation in the ambient environment, which may result huge economic losses and resource waste because wood materials are susceptible to being damaged and destroyed by microorganism such as fungi, bacteria and insects. Based on the above reasons, wooden constructions and architectures are mostly protected and chemically-modified to obtain significant improvements in their stability and durability [1]. Preservative treatment should be performed on wood products, and the durability and resistance of treated wood products against biological attacks during their service period can be improved [2,3]. Chemical preservatives are common in wood preserving treatments, in which water-soluble preservatives are mostly used. Arsenate (CCA) preservatives have been the most extensively used in the past decades, especially for wood-framed building timbers. CCA has been prohibited for residential purposes by the U.S Environmental Protection Agency since 2004 due to its toxic effect on the environment
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