Multimodal impoliteness in subtitling: the (re)-making of form, meaning and function in context

Introduction: The Gender and Queer Politics of Translation: New Approaches

Public signs are signs in public facilities that provide information, directions, warnings, or notifications that aim to help people get the right and accurate information. In this research, the researcher researched the public signs on Jabodebek LRT with two destination routes, namely the Bogor Line (Dukuh Atas Station–Harjamukti Station) and the Bekasi Line (Dukuh Atas Station–Jatimulya Station). The Jabodebek LRT public signs are translated into English from Indonesian. Analyzing the translation techniques used to convert the Indonesian (source text) into the English (target language) is the aim of this research. By referring to the concept of translation techniques submitted by Molina and Albir (2002), out of 18 translation techniques, only 6 were identified to be used in 13 public signs. The researcher researched the techniques of translation used to translate the Indonesian public signs, which involve adaptation, substitution, literal translation, established equivalent, modulation, and description techniques. According to the researcher's analysis of the 13 public signs in the Jabodebek LRT, the translation's final product has much greater readability, accuracy, and acceptability when the appropriate translation technique is used that is specific to the specific setting being studied. In addition, the source text and the target text are textually equivalent in that both texts are similar in meaning, significance, and information conveyed, although there may be differences in sentence structure, word choice, or language style.

This paper presents a study of English-Indonesian translation of the humorous utterances in Walt Disney’s Donald Duck comics. Twenty one Indonesian translated comics of the 2008 issues and their original English versions were used as the source of data. A total of 480 humorous English utterances were identified and verified by 4 native English speakers. These 480 English utterances and their translations were used as the data. Analyses of the collected data were then made to see the translation techniques used by the translator in translating the humorous utterances and to see the resulted pragmatic equivalence viewed from the equivalence of pragmatic force between the source text (ST) and target text (TT), involving implicture analysis of the utterances. The findings of the research reveal that 647 uses of translation techniques are made to translate the 480 utterances, as more than one techniques are used in some of the utterances. Seventeen out of 18 translation techniques proposed by Molina & Albir (2002) are chosen by the translator. It is also found out that the translator’s choice of translation techniques has resulted in 96.87% of the translated humorous utterances being equivalent in their pragmatic force, compared to the original English utterances. The use of such translation techniques as generalization, established equivalent, linguistic compression, amplification, literal translation, compensation, linguistic amplification, variation, particularization, borrowing, transposition, description, and calque has resulted in equivalent pragmatic force between ST and TT. Only minor portion (3.13%) of the translated text is not equivalent in its pragmatic force, and this is caused by the use of amplification, discursive creation, reduction, adaptation, and modulation techniques. The high rate of pragmatic equivalence shows the translator’s success in translating the text. Key words : implicature, pragmatic force, pragmatic equivalence, translation technique

Linear vs. non-linear translation in parallel text reading

Abstract. Public signs play a crucial role in the reader because they invite various issues from across cultures. Some research aims of this study try to describe the attitude (affect, judgment, and appreciation) in the source text and target text and translation techniques used by translators in translating public signs. This research is categorized as qualitative research type, to achieve the first aim the researcher applies the SFL approach. The data of this study is a pair of translations (public signs) in the form of phrases and clauses. The instruments used in this study are a camera (mobile phone) and an observation sheet. The researchers apply the theory of appraisal (Martin & White, 2005) and translation techniques (Molina and Albir, 2012). The total data for this study are 34 pairs of translations. The major result showed that, 1) the attitudinal in the source text (affect:7,40%, judgment: 59.2%, appreciation: 33.33% ) however, in the target text (affect:7.1%, judgment: 50%, appreciation:42.8%) 2) the translation techniques (literal translation: 68.75%, Reduction: 12.5%, Amplification: 9.3% and modulation: 9.3%). As the implication of this study, a shift can be occured to keep the better attitude from ST to TT. Keywords: Attitude, Translation techniques, Public sign

Translating cultures and other specific, context-based terminologies are never easy to perform as language structures, circumstances, readerships, and translators’ perspectives come to play. The text is set in the context of a specific society that is closely related to its origin culture. In the text, culture can take the form of norms, values, habits, materials, or natural conditions. Although stated differently, source and target text are conceptually and logically comparable. The concepts or meanings of the source and target text are not always the same. The process requires the translators’ adaptability skills to select necessary translation methods and techniques considered appropriate to the target readership. Therefore, the present study would like to examine translation methods and techniques employed in the treatment of cultural terms in the novel. The English translation of ‘Sukreni’ and the original Indonesian novel are the foci of this current study. This is a qualitative study that makes use of the content analysis approach. The data analysis technique categorizes the translation results based on cultural concepts, techniques, and methods. The fourteen translation techniques of Molina & Albir and the six translation methods of Hervey & Higgins are the frameworks of analysis in this study. Espindola & Vasconcellos’s concept of cultural elements distinguishes the types of cultural concepts portrayed in the original novel. The results show that the translation methods adopted to accommodate the cultural terms are adaptation and communicative methods. At the same time, the commonly used translation techniques are modulation, transposition, and adaptation. It can be concluded that the translator’s ideology also came to play alongside the choice of the translation methods and techniques when it comes to the readership of the target language. Methods and techniques of translations that are more inclined to the target language positively impact the translation results. Anthroponymy is the dominant cultural term in the original novel in the cultural category.

This article explores the syntactic parallelism in Mulan. The data are carried out from the secondary sources. The qualitative and descriptive method is used for analysis. The sixteen sentences are taken from the source and their targets were noted along with the transliteration. The selected sentences were analyzed on the basis of structure, functions and voice. On the basis of syntactic parallelism, the findings have been drawn on the basis of voice, sentence types and sentence function. Most of the Nepali active voices in the source text (ST) have been translated into English active voices in the target text (TT). Therefore, the tendency of active (ST) into active (TT) was very high. Throughout the sampled data, Nepali passive voice (ST) into English passive voice (TT) has very low. Similarly on the basis of sentence types, simple sentences in the ST translated into simple sentences in the TT has higher tendency as compared to compound sentences in the ST translated into compound sentences in the TT. The complex sentences in the ST translated into complex sentences in the TT have highest tendency. Likewise on the basis of sentence function, the declarative sentences in the ST into declarative sentences in the TT has highest tendency. Interrogative sentences in the ST into interrogative sentences in the TT has higher tendency than exclamatory sentences in the ST into exclamatory in the TT.The imperative sentence (ST) into imperative sentence (TT) has lowest tendency.

Functionalism in translation studies

An adequate measure of translation transformations is a distinctive feature of a good translation. It allows to realise the two major requirements to the target text – equivalent regulatory effect of source and target texts and maximum possible semantic and structural similarity of source and target texts. A faithful translation should be made in keeping with the three principles determining the adequate measure of transformations in translation: the motivation principle, the minimalism principle and the boundedness principle. A particular research interest is taken in the degree of translation transformations in the science text in conformity with these principles. To produce a quality translation with (an) identical pragmatic effect, the translator should clearly define the measure of translation transformations – when certain translation modifications are necessary and admissible. It is important for translators to be knowledgeable about the functions of each determinant principle and avoid unmotivated transformations, reasonable but excessive modifications, and motivated transformations that go beyond the admissible translation limits. The translator should also avoid extremes – literal and free translations, which hamper the perception of the text. The adequate measure of translation transformations is in the middle between literal and loose translations. To take an appropriate translation solution, the translator of a science text should be trained in using translation techniques and bring the source text in conformity with the norms of the language of science. A specific admissible measure of transformations in translation is impossible to determine as it varies in different text genres and different contexts. The translator should be competent enough in the branch of knowledge the translation text belongs to. Our analysis of the Ukrainian translation of the history (historical) monograph “The Celts: A Chronological History” by Dáithí Ó hÓgáin, aims to establish the degree of semantic and structural divergences between the source and target texts and to evaluate the translation solutions that were used to achieve the pragmatically equivalent translation.

While there is a vast literature on translation transformations and techniques, little attention among Russian researchers is paid to the omission. The article attempts to contribute to the debate by analyzing the omission as a translation technique, as well as verb omission examples when translating a literary text from Russian into French. The omission means elimination of a source text (ST) element while translating into target text. The omission can occur at the semantic or structural-semantic levels. The latter implies not only semantic but also syntactic changes. The omission can be due to the redundancy of an element in the ST. Redundancy in ST can be caused by the structural features of the source language, repetition of information in the text or by the opportunity to extract information from the situational context. The analysis of examples of verb omission taken from the translations into French of the novel Oblomov written by Ivan Goncharov showed that the use of this technique in relation to Russian verbs obeys the general patterns of the use of omission listed above: a French translator can omit a verb and use a more economical construction allowed by the norms of the French language; can translate one verb from two ST verbs with the same meaning; can eliminate the original verb if it’s meaning can be derived from the situational context. However, the original verb can convey stylistic meanings that are important in the work; if this verb is omitted, stylistic meanings disappear.

A fundamental issue with reference to the translation process concerns the type of relation between the original and the translated text. Peirce indicates three possibilities: icon, index and symbol. For many scholars it is a given that the relation of similarity between the original text and the translated text predominates and that the iconic relation ordinarily describes the character of translation. However, evidence is provided in this paper to show from a theoretical viewpoint (i.e. from that of translation studies) and a practical viewpoint (with examples provided) that a relationship between source text and target text which is characterised as iconic can only be weakly iconic because a target text can never fully resemble its source text in every respect linguistically and culturally. Furthermore in certain cases an indexical or symbolic relationship rather than an iconic one may even predominate. Since the 1980s, discourses about translation have broadened steadily. An outflow of these developments is a greater understanding of the superordinate categories of translation and the fact that the relation between source and target text is no longer only one of resemblance (i.e. iconicity). An example of iconicity from the Koran and its translation is provided as evidence for a predominant, but weak iconic relationship between source text and target text. Examples from the Sesotho Bible translation and Das neue Testament illustrate that the predominant relationship can also be indexical or symbolic (rather than iconic), respectively.

The aim of the article is to develop a methodology for translation analysis of specialized texts for application in the training of future translators. To achieve this objective, the author addresses several key tasks: establishes parameters for analyzing both source and target texts; defines the scope of the study; selects a representative English-language source text in the field of patents; analyzes it according to the established parameters; formulates a hypothesis about the translation strategies most likely to be used for this source text; analyzes the Ukrainian translation text to determine the translation methods used; and concludes whether the initial assumption based on the source text analysis is validated. The study employs linguistic analysis for the source text and translatological analysis for the target text. The material used is a 526-word fragment from a U.S. patent, specifically a brief description of an invention, within the specialized (technical) field that forms part of the training content for future translators. Following the study, the author draws conclusions that support the hypothesis made during the pre-translation analysis and provide additional refinements. At the syntactic level, the analysis reveals that the translation typically follows the structure of the source text in sentences with simpler constructs, while complex sentences main, subordinate, or coordinate clauses can maintain their structure, other segments necessitate transformations. The dealing with very long sentences, they often need toтранслатологічний сфери, яка входить до змісту навчання майбутніх перекладачів. За результатами дослідження, сформульовано його висновки, відповідно до яких проведений аналіз тексту перекладу загалом підтвердивm ost common transformation is the replacement of passive voice clauses with active voice. When be divided into shorter, more manageable units, leading to further structural changes. The article concludes that the proposed methodology for translation analysis of specialized source and target texts shows promise for use in training future translators. It can help develop the theoretical component of students' translation competence, as well as provide insights into many significant concepts in translation studies and mastery of translation analysis methodologies. However, the author notes that this assumption requires further verification, suggesting that additional research is needed to confirm the proposed methodology's effectiveness.

This study reports on an investigation into the relationship between the number of translation alternatives for a single word and eye movements on the source text. In addition, the effect of word order differences between source and target text on eye movements on the source text is studied. In particular, the current study investigates the effect of these variables on early and late eye movement measures. Early eye movement measures are indicative of processes that are more automatic while late measures are more indicative of conscious processing. Most studies that found evidence of target language activation during source text reading in translation, i.e. co-activation of the two linguistic systems, employed late eye movement measures or reaction times. The current study therefore aims to investigate if and to what extent earlier eye movement measures in reading for translation show evidence of co-activation. Results show that the number of translation alternatives for a single word and differences between source and target text in terms of word order have an effect on very early and late eye movement measures. Results are interpreted in terms of semantic and structural cross-linguistic priming: items which have a similar word order in source and target texts are likely to have similar syntactic structures. These items are therefore more likely to prime structurally. Source items which have few translation alternatives are more likely to share a semantic representation and are hence more likely to prime semantically than items with more translation alternatives. Findings support the literal translation hypothesis.

This study aims to determine the accuracy of narrative text translation by using Google Translate Application and to describe translation techniques which are used by the translator in translating source text (ST) into target Text (TT). This research is a qualitative method that uses descriptive research approach to analyze the accuracy of narrative text translation and translation techniques. The result show The proportion of narrative text translated using the Google Translate application, namely from 16 analyzed data, resulting in 9 data (56.25%) as an accurate translation, 5 data (31.25%) as a less accurate translation, and 2 data (12.5%) as a not correct translation. It means that using the Google Translate Application can provide effective and accurate translations while also assisting us in transforming source language into target content fast and efficiently. Translation techniques which are used by the translator consists of single translation technique and couplet translation technique. Single translation technique consists of 14 data while couplet translation technique consists of 2 data. Literal translation technique consists of 6 data (37,5%), modulation translation technique consists of 3 data (18,75%), calque translation technique consists of 3 data (18,75%), modulation + calque and calque + modulation translation technique both of them consists of 1 data (6,25%), transposition translation technique consists of 1 data (6,25%), and reduction translation technique is also only 1 data (6,25%). The most dominant translation techniques which are used by the translator is literal translation that have 6 data (37,5%). It means that the form of translation adopting domestication of translation than a foreignizing translation.

This chapter seeks to contribute to a model for quantitative exploration of translated texts by adopting clustering techniques to search for patterns of comparability in a corpus of retranslations. Drawing on systemic-functional theory (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2004) as a framework for text analysis, it reports on an exploratory study aimed at investigating source – target text relations as computed through statistical methods for a manually annotated representative text sample. Annotation built on the analytical framework used for comparing source and target texts, which is based on categories of grammatical functions common to both source and target language systems. The corpus was compiled from ten translations of a source text -- a short story written in English by Katherine Mansfield -- into Spanish and Portuguese by different translators over a period of six decades. The texts were explored in terms of the ‘retranslation hypothesis’ (Berman 1990), whereby retranslations tend to be more source-oriented than first translations, orientation being established in our study on the basis of the distance between source and target text as computed through cluster analysis. The results obtained point to similarities between texts computed on the basis of categories ascribed to the lexicogrammatical choices made by each author within the grammatical systems analyzed. They also corroborate the findings of other researchers who have used other approaches and methodologies to probe the ‘retranslation hypothesis’, in that they confirmed the relative distance of a first translation from the source text, while they also showed varied degrees of proximity of retranslations to the source text, the former being in some cases further away from the latter than first translations.