Abstract

An integrated personality and social psychology needs to take into account different levels of analysis by definition. In both disciplines, it is widely accepted that personality and the social context affects social behavior and that social behavior, in turn, also informs us about personality. The challenge for an integrated personality and social psychology is to simultaneously analyze the complex relations between the different levels of analysis for both theoretical as well as statistical reasons. Innovations in statistical analysis in the last three decades have made it possible to simultaneously take into account different levels of analysis. Our purpose in this chapter is to review the basics of as well as recent advances in multilevel modeling, to develop a framework of multilevel analyses for an integrated personality and social psychology, and to illustrate the importance of multilevel modeling for theory development and testing using examples from research on personality and social behavior. It is our hope that this chapter will help to increase the application of multilevel modeling in personality and social psychology and to further advance the development of an integrated personality and social psychology.

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