Multilayer Ag-Au Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor for Enhanced Refractive Index Sensitivity in the Biological Range

Surface plasmon resonance biosensor chips: Fabrications and pharmaceutical applications.

State-of-the-art strategies of surface plasmon resonance biosensors in clinical analysis: A comprehensive review

Recent advances in surface plasmon resonance biosensors for microRNAs detection

We report a novel approach to biosensor-based observations of biomolecular interactions which enables real-time monitoring of biomolecular interactions in complex media. This approach is demonstrated by investigating the interaction between the human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and its antibody in blood plasma using a surface plasmon resonance biosensor and a dispersionless microfluidics system. The real-time binding data obtained in blood plasma are compared with those obtained in buffer and blood plasma using a conventional method. It is also demonstrated that the proposed approach can enhance the capability of the biosensor to detect biomolecules in complex samples in terms of detection time and sensitivity. In the model experiment, this approach is shown to enable direct detection of hCG in blood plasma at levels which are five times lower than those detected using the conventional detection approach.

Surface characterization and antifouling properties of nanostructured gold chips for imaging surface plasmon resonance biosensing

One of the fundamental challenges of working with surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors is their inherent lack of specificity. Being very sensitive to minute refractive index (RI) changes in their surrounding medium, SPR biosensors are highly susceptible to variations in pH, temperature, and buffer composition. Therefore, it is often necessary to include an additional validation step downstream to SPR biosensing, particularly for clinical analysis. In this proof-of-study work, we have tried to evaluate the utility of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) tags as secondary labels for validating SPR biosensor response. Accordingly, a Fibre-optic SPR (FO-SPR) biosensor set-up was fabricated by immobilizing anti-BSA antibodies on the sensor platform for capturing and sensing biotinylated-BSA as a model analyte. Subsequently, the bound analyte and the concomitant shift in SPR response were validated by employing streptavidin-functionalized SERS tags. Intriguingly, apart from validation of the SPR response, the SERS tags also significantly improved the sensitivity of the SPR response and provided semi-quantitative information on the bound analyte. Although utilizing SERS tags undermines the label-free tag of SPR biosensors, the huge improvement in sensitivity and specificity of the sensor makes it suitable for clinical analysis. Furthermore, SERS measurements with a portable Raman spectrometer utilized in this study further highlight the potential of this approach for achieving point-of-care (POC) sensing.

Design and mechanisms of antifouling materials for surface plasmon resonance sensors

A sensitive and label-free analytical approach for the detection of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) instead of PCV2 antibody in serum sample was systematically investigated in this research based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) with an establishment of special molecular identification membrane. The experimental device for constructing the biosensing analyzer is composed of an integrated biosensor, a home-made microfluidic module, and an electrical control circuit incorporated with a photoelectric converter. In order to detect the PCV2 using the surface plasmon resonance immunoassay, the mercaptopropionic acid has been used to bind the Au film in advance through the known form of the strong S-Au covalent bonds formed by the chemical radical of the mercaptopropionic acid and the Au film. PCV2 antibodies were bonded with the mercaptopropionic acid by covalent -CO-NH- amide bonding. For the purpose of evaluating the performance of this approach, the known concentrations of PCV2 Cap protein of 10 µg/mL, 7.5 µg/mL, 5 µg/mL, 2.5 µg/mL, 1 µg/mL, and 0.5 µg/mL were prepared by diluting with PBS successively and then the delta response units (ΔRUs) were measured individually. Using the data collected from the linear CCD array, the ΔRUs gave a linear response over a wide concentration range of standard known concentrations of PCV2 Cap protein with the R-Squared value of 0.99625. The theoretical limit of detection was calculated to be 0.04 µg/mL for the surface plasmon resonance biosensing approach. Correspondingly, the recovery rate ranged from 81.0% to 89.3% was obtained. In contrast to the PCV2 detection kits, this surface plasmon resonance biosensing system was validated through linearity, precision and recovery, which demonstrated that the surface plasmon resonance immunoassay is reliable and robust. It was concluded that the detection method which is associated with biomembrane properties is expected to contribute much to determine the PCV2 in sample solutions instead of PCV2 antibody in serum samples quantitatively.

Chapter 4 - Surface plasmon resonance biosensors

We present a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) structure based on Kretschmann configuration incorporating bimetallic layers of noble (Ag) and magnetic materials (Ni) over CaF2 prism. Extensive numerical analysis based on transfer matrix theory has been performed to characterize the sensor response considering sensitivity, full width at half maxima, and minimum reflection. Notably, the proposed structure, upon suitably optimizing the thickness of bimetallic layer provides consistent enhancement of sensitivity over other competitive SPR structures. Hence we believe that this proposed SPR sensor could find the new platform for the medical diagnosis, chemical examination and biological detection. Full Text: PDF ReferencesJ. Homola, S.S. Yee, G. Gauglitz, "Surface plasmon resonance sensor based on planar light pipe: theoretical optimization analysis", Sens. Actuators B Chem. 54, 3 (1999). CrossRef X.D. Hoa, A.G. Kirk, M. Tabrizian, "Towards integrated and sensitive surface plasmon resonance biosensors: A review of recent progress", Bioelectron, 23, 151 (2007). CrossRef Z. Lin, L. Jiang, L. Wu, J. Guo, X. Dai, Y. Xiang, D. Fan, "Tuning and Sensitivity Enhancement of Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor With Graphene Covered Au-MoS 2-Au Films", IEEE Photonics J. 8(6), 4803308 (2016). CrossRef T. Srivastava, R. Jha, R. Das, "High-Performance Bimetallic SPR Sensor Based on Periodic-Multilayer-Waveguides", IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 23(20), 1448 (2011). CrossRef P.K. Maharana, R. Jha, "Chalcogenide prism and graphene multilayer based surface plasmon resonance affinity biosensor for high performance", Sens. Actuators B Chem. 169, 161 (2012). CrossRef R. Verma, B.D. Gupta, R. Jha, "Sensitivity enhancement of a surface plasmon resonance based biomolecules sensor using graphene and silicon layers", Sens. Actuators B Chem. 160, 623 (2011). CrossRef I. Pockrand, "Surface plasma oscillations at silver surfaces with thin transparent and absorbing coatings", Surf. Sci. 72, 577 (1978). CrossRef R. Jha, A. Sharma, "High-performance sensor based on surface plasmon resonance with chalcogenide prism and aluminum for detection in infrared", Opt. Lett. 34(6), 749 (2009). CrossRef E.V. Alieva, V.N. Konopsky, "Biosensor based on surface plasmon interferometry independent on variations of liquid’s refraction index", Sens. Actuators B Chem. 99, 90 (2004). CrossRef S.A. Zynio, A. Samoylov, E. Surovtseva, V. Mirsky, Y. Shirshov, "Bimetallic Layers Increase Sensitivity of Affinity Sensors Based on Surface Plasmon Resonance", Sensors 2, 62 (2002). CrossRef S.Y. Wu, H.P. Ho, "Sensitivity improvement of the surface plasmon resonance optical sensor by using a gold-silver transducing layer", Proceedings IEEE Hong Kong Electron Devices Meeting 63 (2002). CrossRef B.H. Ong, X. Yuan, S. Tjin, J. Zhang, H. Ng, "Optimised film thickness for maximum evanescent field enhancement of a bimetallic film surface plasmon resonance biosensor", Sens. Actuators B Chem. 114, 1028 (2006). CrossRef B.H. Ong, X. Yuan, Y. Tan, R. Irawan, X. Fang, L. Zhang, S. Tjin, "Two-layered metallic film-induced surface plasmon polariton for fluorescence emission enhancement in on-chip waveguide", Lab Chip 7, 506 (2007). CrossRef X. Yuan, B. Ong, Y. Tan, D. Zhang, R. Irawan, S. Tjin, "Sensitivity–stability-optimized surface plasmon resonance sensing with double metal layers", J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt. 8, 959, (2006). CrossRef M. Ghorbanpour, "A novel method for the production of highly adherent Au layers on glass substrates used in surface plasmon resonance analysis: substitution of Cr or Ti intermediate layers with Ag layer followed by an optimal annealing treatment", J. Nanostruct, 3, 309, (2013). CrossRef Y. Chen, R.S. Zheng, D.G. Zhang, Y.H. Lu, P. Wang, H. Ming, Z.F. Luo, Q. Kan, "Bimetallic chips for a surface plasmon resonance instrument", Appl. Opt. 50, 387 (2011). CrossRef N.H.T. Tran, B.T. Phan, W.J. Yoon, S. Khym, H. Ju, "Dielectric Metal-Based Multilayers for Surface Plasmon Resonance with Enhanced Quality Factor of the Plasmonic Waves", J. Electron. Mater. 46, 3654 (2017). CrossRef D. Nesterenko Z. Sekkat, "Resolution Estimation of the Au, Ag, Cu, and Al Single- and Double-Layer Surface Plasmon Sensors in the Ultraviolet, Visible, and Infrared Regions", Plasmonics 8, 1585 (2013). CrossRef M.A. Ordal, R.J. Bell, R.W. Alexander, L.L. Long, M.R. Querry, "Optical properties of fourteen metals in the infrared and far infrared: Al, Co, Cu, Au, Fe, Pb, Mo, Ni, Pd, Pt, Ag, Ti, V, and W.", Appl. Opt. 24, 4493 (1985). CrossRef H. Ehrenreich, H.R. Philipp, D.J. Olechna, "Optical Properties and Fermi Surface of Nickel", Phys. Rev. 31, 2469 (1963). CrossRef S. Shukla, N.K. Sharma, V. Sajal, "Theoretical Study of Surface Plasmon Resonance-based Fiber Optic Sensor Utilizing Cobalt and Nickel Films", Braz. J. Phys. 46, 288 (2016). CrossRef K. Shah, N.K. Sharma, AIP Conf. Proc. 2009, 020040 (2018). [23] G. AlaguVibisha, Jeeban Kumar Nayak, P. Maheswari, N. Priyadharsini, A. Nisha, Z. Jaroszewicz, K.B. Rajesh, "Sensitivity enhancement of surface plasmon resonance sensor using hybrid configuration of 2D materials over bimetallic layer of Cu–Ni", Opt. Commun. 463, 125337 (2020). CrossRef A. Nisha, P. Maheswari, P.M. Anbarasan, K.B. Rajesh, Z. Jaroszewicz, "Sensitivity enhancement of surface plasmon resonance sensor with 2D material covered noble and magnetic material (Ni)", Opt. Quantum Electron. 51, 19 (2019). CrossRef M.H.H. Hasib, J.N. Nur, C. Rizal, K.N. Shushama, "Improved Transition Metal Dichalcogenides-Based Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensors", Condens.Matter 4, 49, (2019). CrossRef S. Herminjard, L. Sirigu, H. P. Herzig, E. Studemann, A. Crottini, J.P. Pellaux, T. Gresch, M. Fischer, J. Faist, "Surface Plasmon Resonance sensor showing enhanced sensitivity for CO2 detection in the mid-infrared range", Opt. Express 17, 293 (2009). CrossRef M. Wang, Y. Huo, S. Jiang, C. Zhang, C. Yang,T. Ning, X. Liu, C Li, W. Zhanga, B. Mana, "Theoretical design of a surface plasmon resonance sensor with high sensitivity and high resolution based on graphene–WS2 hybrid nanostructures and Au–Ag bimetallic film", RSC Adv. 7, 47177 (2017). CrossRef P.K. Maharana, P. Padhy, R. Jha, "On the Field Enhancement and Performance of an Ultra-Stable SPR Biosensor Based on Graphene", IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 25, 2156 (2013). CrossRef

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and localized SPR (LSPR) biosensors have emerged as viable technologies in the clinical detection of biomarkers for a wide array of health conditions. The success of SPR biosensors lies in their ability to monitor in real-time label-free biomarkers in complex biofluids. Recent breakthroughs in nanotechnology and surface chemistry have significantly improved this feature, notably from the incorporation of advanced nanomaterials including gold nanoparticles, graphene, and carbon nanotubes providing better SPR sensor performance in terms of detection limits, stability, and specificity. Recent progress in microfluidic integration has enabled SPR biosensors to detect multiple biomarkers simultaneously in complex biological samples. Taken together, these advances are closing the gap for their use in clinical diagnostics and point-of-care (POC) applications. While broadly applicable, the latest advancements in plasmonic biosensing are overviewed using inflammation biomarkers C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukins (ILs), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), procalcitonin (PCT), ferritin, and fibrinogen for a series of conditions, including cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune disorders, infections, and sepsis, as a key example of plasmonic biosensors for clinical applications. We highlight developments in sensor design, nanomaterial integration, surface functionalization, and multiplexing and provide a look forward to clinical applications by assessing the current limitations and exploring future directions for translating SPR biosensors for diagnostics and health monitoring. By enhancement of diagnostic accuracy, reproducibility, and accessibility, particularly in POC settings, SPR biosensors have the potential to significantly contribute to personalized healthcare and bring real-time, high-precision diagnostics to the forefront of clinical practice.

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors for food allergen detection in food matrices

Molecular imprinted nanoparticle assisted surface plasmon resonance biosensors for detection of thrombin

Preparation of titania sol–gel matrix for the immunoassay by SPR biosensor with magnetic beads

Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) optical sensing is a label-free technique for real-time monitoring of biomolecular interactions. Recently, a portable imaging SPR (iSPR) prototype instrument, featuring a nanostructured gold chip, has been developed. In the present work, we investigated the crucial first steps, prior to eventual use of the nanostructured iSPR chip, i.e., its surface modification, in-depth surface characterization and the antifouling performance. Results were compared with conventional flat (i)SPR gold chips having the same surface chemistries, viz. different types of polyethylene glycol and zwitterionic polymers. Characterization of the (i)SPR chips before and after surface modification was performed using atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), water contact angle (WCA), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and direct analysis in real time high resolution mass spectrometry (DART-HRMS). The antifouling properties were then studied using the nanostructured chip in the portable iSPR instrument and the flat gold chip in conventional SPR set-up. The zwitterionic polymer surface chemistries showed the best antifouling properties. Comparison of the nanostructured iSPR chips with conventional flat (i)SPR gold chips showed that the latter perform slightly better in terms of surface modification as well as antifouling properties.