Multifunctional chitosan nanoparticles: Zn2+ adsorption, antimicrobial activity, and promotion of aquatic health

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Abstract Chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) are one of the versatile materials that has potential applications in multidomains. However, these diverse applications are not seen in CSNPs produced from a single source. Owing to the above, in this study, we synthesized CSNPs using the ionotropic gelation method and characterized them with UV–visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques for multi-application investigations. SEM and TEM analyses confirmed the spherical shape of the produced CSNPs with their size ranging from 10 to 40 nm. CSNPs were utilized for Zn2+ ion adsorption from aqueous solutions, optimized using response surface methodology. Optimal reaction conditions were pH 7, 60 min of contact time, and 100 mg/L initial concentration, and a loading capacity of 156.2 mg/g was achieved. The model was significant with p-value <0.0001 and lack-of-fit >0.1. CSNPs exhibited antimicrobial activity with zones of inhibition of 25 mm for Escherichia coli and 24 mm for Staphylococcus aureus. Feeding trials with CSNP-supplemented diets in tilapia showed enhanced growth, reduced mortality, and improved red blood cell and white blood cell counts. These findings demonstrate the multi-functional potential of CSNPs prepared from one source, highlighting their applicability in sustainable practice.