Multifunctional cementitious composite: Conductive and auxetic behavior

Abstract

This research focused on developing an innovative multifunctional cementitious material with both conductive and auxetic properties simultaneously. This novel cement-based metamaterial has different applications, ranging from piezoresistivity to structural energy dissipation. The cementitious composite (CC) with an auxetic structure were produced using additive manufacturing techniques. The study involved analyzing different cementitious compositions, including Ultra High-Performance Concrete (UHPC) formulation tailored for both high strength and workability, and flexible mortar. Both types of composites were combined with two types of fibers: recycled carbon and Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA). Uniaxial compression tests, conductivity, piezoresistivity by load cycles, and Digital Image Correlation (DIC) analysis were carried out on the auxetic cementitious composite (ACC). Among these tested cementitious composites (UHPC and flexible mortar) reinforced with PVA and recycled carbon fibers, only the flexible mortar with carbon fibers achieved the desired multifunctional properties. This success with flexible mortar and carbon fibers suggests promise for this combination. Conversely, UHPC composites with PVA fibers, with or without additional carbon fibers, failed to achieve the targeted functionality. As a result, both piezoresistivity and auxetic properties were achieved. From the auxetic behavior results, the Poisson’s ratio reached -67.5%. This implies that if compressed longitudinally, the specimen is shortened transversely (auxetic behavior) by up to 67.5%. This finding stands out compared to traditional construction materials like concrete and steel, which typically exhibit much lower strain recoveries (15–30%). On the other hand, the specific deformation energy absorption of the auxetic specimen reached 0.076 Jcm3. Moreover, the resistivity reached the small magnitude of 0.15 Ωm at 50 Hz, proving to be a conductive composite. The gauge factor of 4.26 indicates that it can be used as a self-sensing concrete. This innovative cementitious composite opens new possibilities for future applications that require materials with conductive and auxetic behaviors.