Multi-variate analysis for selection of elite and high starch lines of Maranta arundinacea L., through stability parameters in multiyear study

Gherkin lines were obtained by mass selection cycles in alteration with inbreeding cycles in a F population evaluated by Koch and Costa (1991). The purpose of the present study was to identify and select elite lines with plant uniform ity and desirable fruit characteristics. Seedlings of 71 lines were obtained in a greenhouse and transplanted to a bed covered wit h black polypropylene felt. The plants were grown prostate along the ground, without pruning, in a randomized complete block design, with three replicates and five plants per plot. Three criteria were trendsetters for line selection: lack of dormancy, plant and fruit uniformity, and yield components performance. Based on these parameters, the F 6M5S1 gherkin lines 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 15, 20, 55, 60, and 63 were selected. These elite gherkin lines were called Paulista Gherkin, due to their contrastin g characteristics in relation to the common type.

ABSTRACT: More efficient strains of Rhizobium have been selected for use in common bean. However, little effort was made with lines selection. The main goals of this research were to verify the presence of interaction involving common bean elite lines utilizing Nitrogen fertilization and Rhizobium inoculation for grain yield and to identify lines with superior yields utilizing biological nitrogen fixation. Eight field trials were conducted at four location-years in Brazilian savanna, using randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Each trial was composed of 17 carioca elite lines. Every two tests in each location were planted side by side, one with mineral nitrogen fertilization (90kg) and the other one with inoculation with Rhizobium tropici SEMIA 4080 strain. Elite lines interaction with nitrogen fertilization/inoculation was not important, so, it is possible to select lines for utilization in both growing systems. In some locations-years, interaction between lines and Rhizobium inoculation was most affected by environment conditions, causing modification in lines classification according to the type of nitrogen supplying used. In general, the lines presented higher yields when fertilized with mineral nitrogen as compared with inoculation. The cultivar 'BRS Pontal' presented high and similar yields under both systems of nitrogen supply.

Wheat crop contributes to a major portion of the agriculture economy of Nepal. It is ranked as the third major cereal crop of the country even though, it faces terminal heat stress which speeds up the grain filling rate and shortens the filling period, causing reduction in grain weight, size, number and quality losses. We can minimize this loss through a genotypic selection of high-yielding lines by understanding the genotype-environment interaction. The objective of this research is to obtain a high yielding line with a stable performance across the environments. In order to do so, we conducted an experiment using eighteen elite wheat lines and two check varieties in alpha-lattice design with two replications in different environments viz. irrigated and terminal heat stress environment from November 2019 to April 2020. The analysis of variance revealed that genotype, environment and their interaction had a highly significant effect on the yield. Furthermore, the which-won–where model indicated specific adaptation of elite lines NL 1179, NL 1420, BL 4407, NL 1368 to the irrigated environment and Bhirkuti to the terminal heat-stressed environment. Similarly, the mean-versus-stability study indicated that elite lines BL 4407, NL 1368, BL 4919, NL 1350, and NL 1420 had above-average yield and higher stability whereas elite lines Gautam, NL 1412, NL 1376, NL 1387, NL 1404, and NL 1381 had below-average yield and lower stability. The ranking of elite lines biplot, PC1 explaining 73.6% and PC2 explaining 26.4% of the interaction effect, showed the rank of elite line, NL 1420 > NL 1368> NL 1350 > other lines, close to the ideal line. On the basis of the obtained results, we recommend NL 1420 with both the high yield and stability is suited across both the environments, while NL 1179 and Bhirkuti is adapted specifically for irrigated and terminal heat stress environment, respectively.

Doubled haploid (DH) lines by using an anther culture technique and conventional breeding (CB) lines of rice were compared for grain yield and palatability. No difference was found between the mean heading date of the DH and CB lines. The mean yield of the DH lines. During selections of the CB lines, yield was not measured, but the selections by observation for good plant type must have resulted into a high yield of the CB lines, no selection for palatability was conducted and only selection by observation for grain appearance was conducted, which had little effect on palatability. To obtain high-yield lines, it is necessary to culture more anthers or to increae the efficiency of each process of anther culture and select the DH lines from a large population size. A highly palatable line, Chikushi 26, was developed by anther culture.

BackgroundAssessing the performance of elite lines in target environments is essential for breeding programs to select the most relevant genotypes. One of the main complexities in this task resides in accounting for the genotype by environment interactions. Genomic prediction models that integrate information from multi-environment trials and environmental covariates can be efficient tools in this context. The objective of this study was to assess the predictive ability of different genomic prediction models to optimize the use of multi-environment information. We used 111 elite breeding lines representing the diversity of the international rice research institute breeding program for irrigated ecosystems. The lines were evaluated for three traits (days to flowering, plant height, and grain yield) in 15 environments in Asia and Africa and genotyped with 882 SNP markers. We evaluated the efficiency of genomic prediction to predict untested environments using seven multi-environment models and three cross-validation scenarios.ResultsThe elite lines were found to belong to the indica group and more specifically the indica-1B subgroup which gathered improved material originating from the Green Revolution. Phenotypic correlations between environments were high for days to flowering and plant height (33% and 54% of pairwise correlation greater than 0.5) but low for grain yield (lower than 0.2 in most cases). Clustering analyses based on environmental covariates separated Asia’s and Africa's environments into different clusters or subclusters. The predictive abilities ranged from 0.06 to 0.79 for days to flowering, 0.25–0.88 for plant height, and − 0.29–0.62 for grain yield. We found that models integrating genotype-by-environment interaction effects did not perform significantly better than models integrating only main effects (genotypes and environment or environmental covariates). The different cross-validation scenarios showed that, in most cases, the use of all available environments gave better results than a subset.ConclusionMulti-environment genomic prediction models with main effects were sufficient for accurate phenotypic prediction of elite lines in targeted environments. These results will help refine the testing strategy to update the genomic prediction models to improve predictive ability.

To develop high-yielding, nontoxic Jatropha cultivars suitable for biodiesel production, a study was conducted at Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Jabalpur, India. The background involved interspecific hybridization between Jatropha integerrima and elite lines of J. curcas, followed by backcrossing to eliminate seed toxicity while enhancing yield potential. The material under study comprised four provenances (NBJ-1, JC11, MP55-1, and MP55-2); three spontaneous mutants, Dwarf (Dw), Green foliage (Gf), and Small leaf (Sl); and population crosses, viz., five single crosses (52-2, 52-3, NT-1, 61-3, and B1-11); eight three-way crosses (14-22, 9-1, 12-19, 13-11, 13-17, 13-28, 14-24, and 17-21); four four-way crosses (14-16, 21-8, 34-6, and 34-23); and one multiple cross (A9-1). Plants with a sufficient seed yield (>500 g) were analyzed for oil content and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) content. The PMA was analyzed in different seed parts to understand the genetics of its nontoxic nature, which revealed its maternal inheritance. The four-way crosses indicated better assembly of genes with three-trait combinations; three-way crosses with three- and two-trait combinations; and single crosses with two combinations of traits. The plants derived from single crosses 52-3×34-6 and 61-3×52-2, as well as a four-way cross (52-2×13-11) × (61-3×52-2), emerged as the most promising through hybridization and require further evaluation in small-scale plantations for development and utilization in future breeding programs.

Biochemical characterisation of germplasm collections and crop wild relatives (CWRs) facilitates the assessment of biological potential and the selection of breeding lines for crop improvement. Data from the biochemical characterisation of staple root, tuber and banana (RTB) crops, i.e. banana (Musa spp.), cassava (Manihot esculenta), potato (Solanum tuberosum), sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) and yam (Dioscorea spp.), using a metabolomics approach is presented. The data support the previously published research article “Metabolite database for root, tuber, and banana crops to facilitate modern breeding in understudied crops” (Price et al., 2020) [1].Diversity panels for each crop, which included a variety of species, accessions, landraces and CWRs, were characterised. The biochemical profile for potato was based on five elite lines under abiotic stress. Metabolites were extracted from the tissue of foliage and storage organs (tuber, root and banana pulp) via solvent partition. Extracts were analysed via a combination of liquid chromatography – mass spectrometry (LC-MS), gas chromatography (GC)-MS, high pressure liquid chromatography with photodiode array detector (HPLC-PDA) and ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC)-PDA. Metabolites were identified by mass spectral matching to in-house libraries comprised from authentic standards and comparison to databases or previously published literature.

Identification of new lines resistance to blackleg in an Argentinian rapeseed-breeding program

In the present study, generation mean analysis and chi-square test were undertaken to estimate the nature and magnitude of gene action for yield and its component traits; and inheritance pattern of seed colour and lustre in two crosses of mungbean viz Sona/ DMS 03-17-2 and Sona/ DMS 01-34-2. Scaling and joint scaling tests revealed the presence of one or more kinds of epistatic effects for almost all the agro-morphological traits. The selection of elite lines from delayed generations and subsequent inter mating might be useful approach to recover/ develop the high yielding mungbean lines. The elite lines recovered from crosses Sona/ DMS 03-17-2 and Sona/ DMS 01-34-2 might be superior in terms of early maturity with more number of branches, pods high seed index, biomass and yield. Likewise, crosses i.e. Sona/ DMS 03-17-2 for average intermodal length; Sona/ DMS 01-34-2 for NSP; may give opportunity to isolate transgressive segregants in advanced generations. There was also a possibility to recover the yellow and shiny seeded mungbean lines due to its monogenic inheritance of seed coat colour and lusture.

Soybean meal is a major component of livestock feed due to its high content and quality of protein. Understanding the genetic control of protein is essential to develop new cultivars with improved meal protein. Previously, a genomic region on chromosome 20 significantly associated with elevated protein content was identified in the cultivar Danbaekkong. The present research aimed to introgress the Danbaekkong high-protein allele into elite lines with different genetic backgrounds by developing and deploying robust DNA markers. A multiparent population consisting of 10 F5-derived populations with a total of 1,115 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) was developed using "Benning HP" as the donor parent of the Danbaekkong high-protein allele. A new functional marker targeting the 321-bp insertion in the gene Glyma.20g085100 was developed and used to track the Danbaekkong high-protein allele across the different populations and enable assessment of its effect and stability. Across all populations, the high-protein allele consistently increased the content, with an increase of 3.3% in seed protein. A total of 103 RILs were selected from the multiparent population for yield testing in five environments to assess the impact of the high-protein allele on yield and to enable the selection of new breeding lines with high protein and high yield. The results indicated that the high-protein allele impacts yield negatively in general; however, it is possible to select high-yielding lines with high protein content. An analysis of inheritance of the Chr 20 high-protein allele in Danbaekkong indicated that it originated from a Glycine soja line (PI 163453) and is the same as other G. soja lines studied. A survey of the distribution of the allele across 79 G. soja accessions and 35 Glycine max ancestors of North American soybean cultivars showed that the high-protein allele is present in all G. soja lines evaluated but not in any of the 35 North American soybean ancestors. These results demonstrate that G. soja accessions are a valuable source of favorable alleles for improvement of protein composition.

The effectiveness of selection for the improvement of protein content under random intermating (recurrent selection) and selfing series (pedigree selection) was evaluated in a cross of winter and spring wheats, 'Atlas 66' × 'HD 1977'. Selection of 10 per cent high protein families resulted in an increase of 3.25 per cent and 4.30 per cent of the mean of checks through pedigree and recurrent selection, respectively. The mean protein differences in both methods were not significant. The increase in protein content was accompanied by a decrease in the grains per spike, grain yield and 1000-kernel weight, and the decline was relatively higher in recurrently selected than pedigreed population. Since the pedigree method is simple, less time consuming, economically cheaper, has favourable shifts in association and better correlated responses, it was decided to follow a few cycles of pedigree selection in early segregating generations, after which one or two cycles of recurrent selection in the elite lines could be introduced to increase genetic variation and concentrate favourable genes for grain yield.

For selection of aromatic rice lines, twenty six (26) rice genotypes were evaluated for agronomic characteristics and aroma detection through sensory test and genotypic analysis using SSR markers. Grain quality and yield attributes were analyzed after harvesting the grain. Aroma was detected by 1.7% KOH as a sensory test. Based on sensory test, six genotypes were detected for having strong aroma; 7 for moderate aroma; 10 for slight aroma and 3 for no aroma. Aroma had significant and positive association with grain length-width ratio; significant and negative association with grain width, significant and negative association with gelatinization temperature, and no significant association with grain length. Three SSR primers viz; RM223, RM515 and RM342 were used for identifying fgr gene locus in 26 rice genotypes. The primer RM223 identified the fgr locus as homozygous condition for 6 as strong aromatic, 7 moderate aromatic, 10 slight aromatic and the rest 3 as non aromatic. The primer RM515 detected 4 as strong aromatic, 6 as moderate aromatic, and 16 as slight to non aromatic. The primer RM342 detected 3 as strong aromatic and four as moderate aromatic, 19 as slight to non aromatic. Compared among the three markers, RM223 detected the highest number of fgr locus in aromatic rice genotypes. Among the three primers, RM223 responded best in all the 26 rice genotypes, because RM223 primer could be able to identify aromatic and nonaromatic genes having higher yield with good agronomic performance and other grain quality traits. These elite lines could be readily used in breeding programme for release aromatic rice variety with considerable yield. Keywords: Microsatellite markers; aromatic rice DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/agric.v9i1-2.9482 The Agriculturists 2011; 9(1&2): 82-88

The size and shape of the cockerel comb, ran be regarded as secondary sexual characters or sexual ornaments. Sexual characters are assumed to be costly to express and the expression of a secondary sexual character is suggested to be favourably correlated with the bearer's condition or fitness. The aim of this study was to clarify the effects of selection for male sexual characters, the correlated responses in other male traits and whether selection for sexual characters affects viability. Two selection lines (lines S and H) and a control line was used for 10 generations. Line S was selected for male comb size at 29 weeks of age and from generation six onwards, comb shape (the way the cockerel bear his comb) was added. Line H was selected for high concentration of hyaluronic acid (HA) in the comb at 28 weeks of age. The average number of animals of each sex and;election line was 560 and the randomly mated control line comprised an average of 150 animals of each sex per generation. Traits recorded an analysed were comb size (CS) and body weight (BW) at 29 weeks of age, comb shape (SH) at 32 weeks of age, comb weight (CW) after slaughter and mortality (M). In line S, the genetic and phenotypic trends increased for CS, CW and BW. Both CS and SH are traits involved in the impression of comb size as visualized by females during male choice and by males during male-male competition. With artificial upward selection for the male character CS (line S), CS, CW, BW and M also increased but SH was impaired. When adding SH to the selection criteria in line S, the negative generic trend for SH was changed to positive. As CS approaches its environmental limit, the heritability and genetic progress can be expected to decline. It seems that 10 generations of selection for increased CS is not enough to reach the environmental limit at which CS is expected to stabilize at an optimum size determined by natural selection.

The objective of this study was to determine the progress in grain yield and grain quality accomplished with conventional breeding methods, as well as to identify stable, widely or specifically adapted genotypes under central European growing conditions. Recently developed soybean elite lines of maturity groups (MGs) 00, 0 and I were compared with commercial cultivars (standards) in comparative field tests during three consecutive years (2018-2020) in Osijek, Croatia. The ANOVA results showed significant genotype, environment, and genotype-by-environment interaction effects. There was a significant improvement in productivity and quality in comparison to standards, while stability parameters for tested traits indicated there are stable and mostly specifically adaptable elite lines. Improvement of the domestic gene pool and high agronomic performances of elite lines stable in most important economic traits will considerably contribute to increasing and improving soybean production in central Europe.

[EN] This thesis is aimed to study the implications of the statistical modeling approaches proposed for the bilinear modeling of batch processes, develop new techniques to overcome some of the problems that have not been yet solved and apply them to data of biochemical processes. The study, discussion and development of the new methods revolve around the four steps of the modeling cycle, from the alignment, preprocessing and calibration of batch data to the monitoring of batches trajectories. Special attention is given to the problem of the batch synchronization, and its effect on the modeling from different angles. 
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\nThe manuscript has been divided into four blocks. First, a state-of- the-art of the latent structures based-models in continuous and batch processes and traditional univariate and multivariate statistical process control systems is carried out. 
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\nThe second block of the thesis is devoted to the preprocessing of batch data, in particular, to the equalization and synchronization of batch trajectories. The first section addresses the problem of the lack of equalization in the variable trajectories. The different types of unequalization scenarios that practitioners might finnd in batch processes are discussed and the solutions to equalize batch data are introduced. In the second section, a theoretical study of the nature of batch processes and of the synchronization of batch trajectories as a prior step to bilinear modeling is carried out. The topics under discussion are i) whether the same synchronization approach must be applied to batch data in presence of different types of asynchronisms, and ii) whether synchronization is always required even though the length of the variable trajectories are constant across batches. To answer these questions, a thorough study of the most common types of asynchronisms that may be found in batch data is done. Furthermore, two new synchronization techniques are proposed to solve the current problems in post-batch and real-time synchronization. To improve fault detection and classification, new unsupervised control charts and supervised fault classifiers based on the information generated by the batch synchronization are also proposed. 
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\nIn the third block of the manuscript, a research work is performed on the parameter stability associated with the most used synchronization methods and principal component analysis (PCA)-based Batch Multivariate Statistical Process Control methods. The results of this study have revealed that accuracy in batch synchronization has a profound impact on the PCA model parameters stability. Also, the parameter stability is closely related to the type of preprocessing performed in batch data, and the type of model and unfolding used to transform the three-way data structure to two-way. The setting of the parameter stability, the source of variability remaining after preprocessing and the process dynamics should be balanced in such a way that multivariate statistical models are accurate in fault detection and diagnosis and/or in online prediction. 
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\nFinally, the fourth block introduces a graphical user-friendly interface developed in Matlab code for batch process understanding and monitoring. To perform multivariate analysis, the last developments in process chemometrics, including the methods proposed in this thesis, are implemented.