Abstract
The content of strain-induced martensite in austempered ductile iron has been quantitatively determined using three different kinds of neutron methods: (1) high-resolution powder diffraction with subsequent standard Rietveld refinement, (2) phase quantification using pole figure measurements and (3) Bragg edge neutron transmission. The accuracy and scope of applications of these neutron diffraction and imaging techniques for phase quantification have been compared and discussed in detail. Combination of these methods has been confirmed as effective for dealing with problems like peak overlap in multi-phase materials and texture formation after plastic deformation. Further, the results highlight the potential of using single peak pole figure data for quantitative phase analysis with high accuracy.
Highlights
IntroductionFerrite and martensite are the most prominent phases in iron-based materials
Austenite, ferrite and martensite are the most prominent phases in iron-based materials
Using this method in a bulk material without prior calibration with powder reference samples can cause errors of 20 vol % or more in the results of a phase content analysis [5]. Compared to these two methods, powder diffraction plus standard Rietveld analysis has been widely used in various classes of materials over many years, and its accuracy for quantitative phase analysis has been thoroughly tested in numerous round robin campaigns [9,10,11,12,13]
Summary
Ferrite and martensite are the most prominent phases in iron-based materials. If powder reference samples are used for calibration, an accuracy of ± 4 vol % in the phase quantification can be achieved [1, 5] Using this method in a bulk material without prior calibration with powder reference samples can cause errors of 20 vol % or more in the results of a phase content analysis [5]. Compared to these two methods, powder diffraction plus standard Rietveld analysis has been widely used in various classes of materials over many years, and its accuracy for quantitative phase analysis has been thoroughly tested in numerous round robin campaigns [9,10,11,12,13]. For example the software package MAUD [14] can deal with complicated microstructures, in particular the complete orientation distribution function (ODF) can be implemented into the Rietveld analysis
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