Abstract
Abstract Currently, all quantum private comparison protocols based on two-dimensional quantum states can only compare equality. It is only through the use of high-dimensional quantum states that it is possible to compare the size relation in existing work. In addition, it is difficult to manipulate the high-dimensional quantum states under the existing conditions of quantum information processing, leading to low practicality and engineering feasibility of protocols for comparing size relation. Considering this situation, an innovative protocol is proposed in this paper. The proposed protocol can make size comparison by exploiting more manageable two-dimensional Bell states, which significantly enhances its feasibility with current quantum technologies. Simultaneously, the proposed protocol enables multiple participants to compare their privacies with the semi-quantum model. The communication process of the protocol is simulated on the IBM Quantum Experience platform to verify its effectiveness. Security analysis shows that the proposed protocol can withstand common attacks while preserving the privacies of all participants. Thus, the devised protocol may provide an important reference for the implementation of quantum private size comparison protocols.
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