Multi-criteria analysis of impact strength in concrete with PET bottle waste additives

Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) bottle is used as beverage packaging, which is very convenient as one time use packaging. However, the huge amount of PET bottle waste has been becoming a serious problem for the environment. The utilization of PET bottle waste is very important to reduce the environmental problem. In this work, PET bottle waste was used a raw material to develop an ultrafiltration (UF) membrane. The membrane was prepared by using a phase inversion technique. The effect of the type of solvent, additive, and non-solvent on the microstructure and ultrafiltration performance of the membrane was studied. Different type of solvent, phenol, m-cresol, and DMSO were used to dissolve PET bottle as the source of membrane polymer. Two different additives, Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) and Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone (PVP) were used. Membrane 3 with the composition of PET, phenol as solvent, and PEG as additive was prepared successfully. The variation of aqueous alcohol solutions as non-solvent resulted in different microstructures of the membranes as shown by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The permeation experiment result using pure water as the feed showed that membrane 3 using aqueous butanol as non-solvent (membrane 3-ButOH) exhibited the highest permeate flux compared to that of membrane 3 using aqueous propanol (membrane 3-PrOH) or ethanol as non-solvent (membrane 3-EtOH). The ultrafiltration experiment was carried out using a feed solution of water containing polyethylene glycol (PEG) 20,000. The membrane 3-EtOH showed the lowest permeate flux of 3.24 kg/m h, but the highest rejection of PEG 20,000 of 65.87%. The membrane 3-PrOH had a permeate flux of 11.57 kg/m h and a rejection of 64.73%. Whereas the membrane 3-ButOH showed the highest permeate flux of 27.78 kg/m h, but the lowest rejection 16.93%. This result was obtained due to the different membrane microstructures which were strongly affected by the type of non-solvent.

PET-bottles generate a significant amount of waste disposal which may affect to people health and environment according to with UNEP report. The study of PET waste as a component in concrete may be the worth waste management approach for both plastic waste reduction and construction material development. The paper presents the compressive strength of specific samples by varying three levels of percentage 0%, 3% and 6% for crushed PET waste bottle waste added in concrete and propose CO 2 -emission assessment model of these mixes of concrete material. All test cube samples are 28 days curing aging. Accordingly, the test results were compared to conventional concrete and waste PET mixed concrete and checked by linear regression analysis to find the correlation between the compressive strength and the percentage of PET as well as the CO 2 emission quantity of concrete mixes. This study will be a helpful part to encourage sustainable development by PET bottle waste reduction and CO 2 emission reduction concept as well as the development guide of alternative concrete material.

Production and characterisation of solid waste-derived fuel briquettes from mixed wood wastes and waste pet bottles

Waste tyre and waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles are major environmental problems. In this study, by using newly designed simple and efficient pyrolysis reactor, a five-stage decomposition (200, 300, 400, 500 and 600 °C) and pre-condensation with cooler motor (− 20, − 10, 0, + 10 and + 20 °C) followed by a final condensation were applied to waste tyre and waste PET bottles. In the pyrolysis process, liquid (pyrolytic oil) and solid (carbon black) products were obtained from only waste tyres. Waste PET gasified in the decomposition steps, but pyrolytic oil could not be obtained because it tended to freeze during condensations. Intermediate temperature and cooling steps were tried by making an optimum design for the amount/efficiency of the pyrolytic oil obtained from waste tyre, and the combination giving the best result (about 50–60% for yield and 43.1 MJ kg−1 for the highest calorific value) was determined to be 500 °C and + 20 °C as decomposition and condensation temperatures, respectively. Compared to the literature, it was produced a highly productive pyrolytic oil at lower temperatures. The physical and chemical properties of this oil were in accordance with national and international standards in terms of the fundamental parameters. The net calorific value of the carbon black produced was in the range of 6337–7308 kcal kg−1 (26.5–30.6 MJ kg−1).

Three-dimensional fiber reinforced composite materials produced by impregnating resin into woven fabric have superior interlaminar and impact strength and are capable of being formed into complex shapes. Consequently it is expected in the future that they will be used for various structural members which have to date been difficult to make with conventional composite materials. With the growth in their fabrication technoloy, the development of a strength analysis method is being demanded. This paper describes a strength analysis method for three-dimensional composite materials on the basis of a micro-mechanical analysis of a unit cell. The unit cell is a small geometrical unit of fiber architecture. A feature of the present analysis method is to represent a unit cell as a rigid frame structure constructed of fiber-beam elements and matrix-beam and matrix-rod elements. Strength analyses are made for orthogonal weave and 5-axial weave three-dimensional carben/epoxy composite materials; the tensile, compressive, and shear moduli and strengths, and Poisson's ratio are calculated. The analytical results show fairly good agreement with experimental results; 11%, 21%, and 20% differences between them on the average for elastic moduli, strengths, and Poisson's ratios, respectively. It is also understood that the present idealized analysis model cannot accurately predict the characteristics of undulated fiber composites, especially in respect to the compressive strength.

This research was carried out to find out how strong the compressive strength of the Paving Block is to withstand the load above it, by adding sawdust waste and liquid lime (CaCO3). But for Paving Blocks, the effects of adding sawdust waste and liquid lime (CaCO3) are not yet well known. Further research needs to be carried out on the addition of waste sawdust and liquid lime (CaCO3) in making Paving Blocks. The aim of this research is to reduce environmental pollution caused by sawdust waste, and to use this waste as additional construction material technology and to find out how strong the compressive strength of Paving Blocks is so that it can be used as a construction tool. The results of testing the compressive strength of Paving Block aged 7 days in a ratio of 1:5 with the addition of Wood Powder Waste and Liquid Lime (CaCO3), resulted in an average compressive strength of 310.85 Kg/cm2. In a ratio of 1:6 with the addition of Wood Powder Waste and Liquid Lime (CaCO3), an average compressive strength of 241.02 Kg/cm2 was produced. Normal 1:5 Paving Block from 2 samples produces an Average Stress fcr' of 203.62 Kg/cm2 and normal 1:6 Paving Block from 2 samples produces an Average Stress fcr' of 186.08 Kg/cm2. Keywords: Compressive Strength, Paving Block, Wood Powder Waste and Liquid Lime (CaCO3)

Multi-criteria analysis of impact strength in concrete with PET bottle waste additives

Environment and economic impacts assessment of PET waste recycling with conventional and renewable sources of energy

In this study, a hydrophilic modified polyester/PET fiber was prepared with waste PET bottles as a raw material. The PET bottles were first pelletized and used as both feed stock and for purified terephthalic acid (PTA) preparation. Glycolysis of PET bottle chips was performed to give purified PTA that was used in copolymer synthesis. Hydrophilic modified polyester was prepared from 5-sodiosulfoisophthalic acid (SIPA) and ethylene glycol, and this was copolymerized with purified PTA. The resulting alkali-soluble modified polyester and PET bottle chips were blended. After hollow spinning and alkali treatment, a good hydrophilic modified polyester fiber was obtained. Rheological properties of the modified fiber were studied, and the effect of alkali treatment on the thermal properties, water absorption, and morphology of the fibers were investigated.

With the aim of enhancing the level of sustainability of plans and programmes adopted by local, regional and national authorities, the European Commission (EU) has adopted the Directive 2001/42/EC on the assessment of effects of plans and programmes on the environment. Starting from the analysis of strengths and possible uses of Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA) and the investigation of its application in combination with the SWOT Analysis and the Stakeholder Analysis, the paper aims at presenting a multi-methodological approach based on the use of MCA for Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA). Given the spatial nature of the decision problem the multi-methodological approach is moreover combined with Geographic Information System (GIS). The Multicriteria-Spatial Decision Support System (MC-SDSS) proposed is able to support the decision-making processes in the field of environmental management by providing evidence and increasing the level of choices’ transparency and legitimacy.

It is very important to remove contaminant fully from waste PET bottles for bottle-to-bottle recycling. In this paper the mechanism to remove contaminant is proposed on the experimental degradation of waste PET bottles to the monomers by ethylene glycol. It is made up of the separation of contaminant during the degradation reaction. This model is confirmed to be correct on the recycling of deliberately contaminated PET samples using a series of surrogates based on FDA protocol. We conclude that the contaminant on waste PET bottles is fully separated from PET bottles under the proper separating condition, such as the quantity of extract, separating temperature and time.

The production and use of poly-ethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles in packaging have increased significantly. Thus, PET bottles have become a significant plastic waste with environmental problems. Currently, the conventional methods for producing activated carbons (ACs) from waste PET are unsustainable, complex, and unfeasible. As a result, ionothermal synthesis (IS) of waste PET bottles impregnated with choline chloride-urea (CU) deep eutectic solvent (DES) was carried out in order to prepare ACs. The obtained ACs were characterized using XRD, CHNS Elemental analysis and FTIR. The as-prepared ACs were effective as adsorbents for dye adsorption from dye waste water. Specifically, the AC obtained from pristine waste PET bottles (956 mgg−1 at 100 ppm) displayed higher adsorptive capacity compared to the ACs obtained from CU-DES impregnated PET flakes (550mgg−1 at 100ppm). Even though it was expected that the use of CU-DES required no post-synthesis washing or higher temperature treatments might be required to improve the adsorptive capacity of the ACs obtained from IS.This research work established that the synthesis of AC from abundant waste PET bottles using a sustainable and facile method could facilitate its commercial application. Also, this work represents the first attempt to produce activated carbons from PET using low temperature annealing in the presence of limited air, instead of the usual pyrolysis.

It is very important to remove contaminant fully from waste PET bottles for bottle-to-bottle recycling. In this paper the mechanism to remove contaminant is proposed on the experimental degradation of waste PET bottles to the monomers by ethyleneglycol. It is made up of the separation of contaminant during the degradation reaction. This model is confirmed to be correct on the recycling of deliberately contaminated PET samples using a series of surrogates based on FDA protocol. We conclude that the contaminant on waste PET bottles is fully separated from PET bottles under the proper separating condition, such as the quantity of extract, separating temperature and time.

본 연구의 주요 목적은 시멘트 복합 재료의 소성 수축 균열 제어에 폐 PET병으로부터 만들어진 재생 PET 섬유의 효과를 평가하는 것이다. PET은 플라스틱 재료라 알려진 재료로 음료수 병 등에 다양하게 적용되어 왔다. 그렇지만 폐 PET 병은 사용 후에 환경적 측면에서 큰 문제점으로 부각되고 있다. 따라서 폐 PET 병을 재활용하는 방법에 대한 연구는 환경 및 경제적 측면에서 중요하게 되었다. 폐 PET 병을 재활용하는 방법 중 시멘트 복합 재료의 보강 섬유로 사용하는 방법은 효과적인 방법 중에 하나이다. 본 연구에서는 시멘트 복합 재료의 소성 수축 균열에 재생 PET 섬유의 형상 및 길이의 효과를 얇은 슬래브 실험을 통해서 조사하였다. 실험 계획은 섬유의 형상, 길이 및 혼입률의 영향을 이해하기 위하여 수행하였다. 재생 PET섬유의 형상은 straight, crimped및 embossed type의 3가지 형상을 포함하며, 각 3가지 섬유형상 마다 3가지 수준의 섬유 혼입률 및 2가지 종류의 섬유 길이에 대해서 조사하였다. 실험 결과 재생 PET섬유는 시멘트 복합 재료의 소성 수축 균열에 효과적이었다. 섬유의 길이의 관점에서 길이가 긴 섬유는 섬유의 형상이 동일할 때 섬유체적비가 적을 때 효과적이며, 섬유체적비가 증가하면 길이가 짧은 섬유가 더욱더 효과적이었다. 또한 embossed type의 섬유는 적은 섬유 혼입률에서 다른 형상의 섬유보다 소성 수축 균열 제어 효과가 우수하였으며, 높은 섬유 혼입률에서는 straight type의 섬유가 다른 형상의 섬유보다 시멘트 복합 재료의 소성 수축 균열 제어에 가장 효과적이었다. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of recycled PET fiber made from waste PET bottle on the control of plastic shrinkage cracking of cement based composites. PET is blown as a plastic material and used in a variety products such as a beverage bottle. However, waste PET bottles are thrown after the usage, raising huge problems in terms of the environment. Thus, the research on the method to recycle the PET bottles indicates important aspects in environment and economy. The method to recycle waste PET bottles as a reinforcing fiber for cement based composites is one of effective methods in terms of the recycle of waste PET bottles. In this research, the effect of recycled PET fiber geometry and length on the control of plastic shrinkage was examined through thin slab tests. A test program was carried out to understand the influence of fiber geometry, length and fiber volume fraction. Three type of recycled PET fibers including straight, twist crimped and embossed type. Three volume fraction and two fiber length were investigated for each of the three fiber geometry. Test results indicated that recycled PET fibers are effective in controlling plastic shrinkage cracking in cement based composites. In respect to effect of length of fiber, longer fiber was observed to have efficient cracking controlling with low volume fraction in same fiber geometry while shorter fiber controled plastic shrinkage cracking efficiently as addition rate increase. Also, embossed type fibers were more effective in controlling plastic shrinkage cracking than other geometry fiber at low volume fraction. But, for high volume fraction, straight type fibers were most effective in plastic shrinkage cracking controlling in cement based composites.

Abstract—PET plastic bottle is one of the main source of waste in big cities. This research aims to find out the possibility of reusing PET bottle as pre fabrication wall module material. The pre fabrication concept were offered so that in the construction phase, the instalation of this material will be fast, efficient, and able to minimalize the waste potential. The method to decided the PET bottle specimen was by surveying some sample location in Jakarta to found out the type and capacity of PET bottle waste. Bottle waste that has the highest volume, was selected to be the speciment for further experiment as pre fabrication modul. To determine the strength capacity of this material, some module variation were designed for compressive and flexural strength test. This research is a preliminary experiment to understanding the basic potential of PET bottle as building material. This research expected to support the use of PET bottle waste for other uses in building constructionKeywords— reuse, PET bottle, pre-fabrication, module.