Moving forward with Asian Journal of Social Psychology

What Does the Implicit Association Test Measure? A Test of the Convergent and Discriminant Validity of Prejudice-Related IATs

Implicit Association Test: Separating Transsituationally Stable and Variable Components of Attitudes toward Gay Men

This study tested the relative predictive power of affect and cognition on global attitude and behavioral intention within the tripartite model of attitude structure.Participants (N = 264) completed questionnaires that included an item regarding blood donation experience, five semantic differential items, four behavioral intention items, and one global attitude item.Participants were randomly assigned to either an affective or cognitive instruction set for the semantic differential items.As predicted, semantic differentials were more highly correlated with both global attitude and behavioral intention when completed under the affective instructions than under the cognitive instructions.In addition, donors' and non-donors' attitudes on the semantic differential scales were distinguished from one another only when they were elicited under the affective instruction set.Results provide support for the tripartite model of attitude structure.Future research should examine the relative importance of affect and cognition in less emotion-laden domains.

Intergroup bias is one of the most actively researched topics in the field of social psychology. Hundreds of books and thousands of research articles have addressed this issue over more than half a century. Although the psychological roots of blatant prejudices are well documented, the development of more subtle and often unintentional forms in societies in which its expression is discouraged poses new and unique challenges to the pursuit of justice and equality in contemporary society. Our interests in the psychological underpinnings of prejudice as researchers and educators are both practical and conceptual. On the practical side, understanding the nature of contemporary forms of prejudice has clear implications for developing effective techniques for combating bias and discrimination. In 1967, nearly 3 years after the landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964, race riots in the United States prompted the Kerner Commission to investigate the sources of racial tension. Upon the conclusion of its investigation, the commission cited White America’s failure to assist Blacks in need, rather than actively trying to harm Blacks, as a primary cause of racial disparities and, ultimately, civil unrest (Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, 1968). Indeed, it was research on the differential helping behavior of politically liberal Whites toward Black and White motorists who were stranded on a highway that represented the first empirical work on aversive racism (Gaertner, 1973). Considerable subsequent research on aversive racism has revealed that the consequences of subtle bias can be as severe and pernicious as those of blatant prejudice. Conceptually, the complexities of contemporary forms of prejudice and recent advances in techniques and tools for studying non-conscious biases make this research area an exciting and challenging one. We hope that this guide can help orient educators to the many excellent resources that exist and convey our enthusiasm for exploring what psychological methods and theories can contribute to understanding one of the most challenging social issues faced in contemporary society.

The Dimensionality of Anticipated Affective Reactions to Risky and Certain Decision Outcomes

Author’s Introduction In our globalized world individuals are frequently confronted with intergroup encounters. Some of them pass by more smoothly than others. Understanding group members’ motivational dynamics provides the key for positive intergroup encounters and the creation of environments fostering such positive events. For a long time, research on motivation in the domain of intergroup behavior mainly focused on needs and motives such as the need for self‐esteem in social identity theory and the need to reduce uncertainty in uncertainty‐identity theory. In contrast, approaches to motivation in many other domains of psychological research have switched from such need‐based approaches to self‐regulation approaches (i.e., theories and models focusing on the processes underlying motivated action). This change of focus from the content of motivation (i.e., need and motives answering the question what motivates behavior) to studying the motivational processes (i.e., self‐regulation approaches answering the question how motivation translates in to action) has led to an enormous progress. To give just one example, this approach allows for much more precise predictions of behavior. Only recently research on intergroup behavior has adopted this change of paradigms in research on motivation. The current article summarized one line of research within this domain, namely the work applying regulatory focus theory (one of the dominant self‐regulation theories) to intergroup behavior. Author Recommends Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. G. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations (pp. 33–47). Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole. This is a seminal publication on social identity theory and offers important and fundamental information about what intergroup behavior is. At the same time, it presents the first need‐based approach to intergroup behavior. Otten, S., Sassenberg, K., & Kessler, T. (Eds.) (2009). Intergroup relations: The role of motivation and emotion. New York: Psychology Press. This book provides an up‐to‐date overview of research on motivation in the field of intergroup behavior. It provides a good understanding of a variety of intergroup phenomena and explanations for them based on motivational approaches and social cognition approaches to emotions. Carver, C. S. (2004). Self‐regulation of action and affect. In R. F. Baumeister & K. D. Vohs (Eds.), Handbook of Self‐Regulation: Research, Theory, and Applications (pp. 13–39). New York, NY: Guilford. The whole book provides an excellent overview of self‐regulation research in a variety of domains. The particular chapter is an excellent, comprehensive, and concise introduction to the basic ideas of self‐regulation. Higgins, E. T. (1997). Beyond pleasure and pain. American Psychologist , 52, 1280–1300. This is a seminal publication on regulatory focus theory and offers the fundamental information on what regulatory focus is, what its basic principles are, and outcomes it leads to. Higgins, E. T. (2008). Regulatory fit. In J. Y. Shah & W. L. Gardner (Eds.), Handbook of motivation science (pp. 356–372). New York: Guilford. This chapter provides a summary of the more recent developments that followed regulatory focus theory. Its main focus is on regulatory fit (i.e., the fit between an individual’s behavioural strategy and the options provided by the environment). Sassenberg, K., & Woltin, K.‐A. (2008). Group‐based self‐regulation: The effects of regulatory focus. European Review of Social Psychology , 19, 126–164. This article offers a more extensive analysis and overview of the research on regulatory focus and intergroup behavior. It presents a comprehensive narrative review of this research and how regulatory focus and self‐discrepancies operate at the group level. Levine, J. M., Higgins, E. T., & Choi, H.‐S. (2000). Development of strategic norms in groups. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes , 82, 88–101. This article presents the first study applying regulatory focus theory to the group level. It assesses how regulatory focus – manipulated as part of the instructions for a group task – affects small group decision making. Sassenberg, K., Kessler, T., & Mummendey, A. (2003). Less negative = more positive? Social discrimination as avoidance and approach. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 39, 48–58. The research presented in this article is the first in applying regulatory focus theory to intergroup behavior. In studies making use of the minimal group paradigm, it demonstrates how regulatory focus can help to make more precise predictions about intergroup behavior – in this case social discrimination. Seibt, B., & Förster, J. (2004). Stereotype threat and performance: How self‐stereotypes influence processing by inducing regulatory foci. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 87, 38–56. This article explains another prominent intergroup phenomenon based on regulatory focus theory, namely stereotype threat. Sassenberg, K., Jonas, K. J., Shah, J. Y., & Brazy, P. C. (2007). Regulatory fit of the ingroup: The impact of group power and regulatory focus on implicit intergroup bias. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 92, 249–267. This article connects socio‐structural variables of the intergroup context and regulatory focus by studying how the social power of a group and the regulatory focus of an individual predict whether individuals are interested to become a member of a particular group and how much they like a group they are a member of. Online Materials http://gpi.sagepub.com This is a link to the journal Group Processes and Intergroup relations . Volume 13 will contain a special issue on Self‐regulation within and between groups providing an overview and more examples how self‐regulation approaches allow for a better understanding of (inter)group behavior. In addition, this is a nice place to find some of the current issues being researched in the field of intergroup behavior. It is also a journal to refer students to who are having trouble locating recent articles for class. http://jonathan.mueller.faculty.noctrl.edu/crow/socialidentityassignment.htm This link leads to a small assignment by Michel Schmitt that illustrates the idea of social identity. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YWyI77Yh1Gg This link leads to the video “A girl like me” which illustrates that from early childhood on group members (here African‐Americans) internalize the characteristics of their group in comparison to ot

Introduction: Why We Are Often Blinded to "Obvious" Facts

Teaching and Learning Guide for: ‘Ostracism: The Kiss of Social Death’

References Edwin D. Lawson Continued from Names, 32 (1984), p. 73: Stoller, R.J., “The trans-sexual boy: mother’s feminized phallus,” British Journal of Medical Psychology, 43 (1970), 117–128. Stoller, R.J., “The mother and infant transvestic behaviour,” International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 47 (1966), 384–395. Strauss, Anselm, Mirrors and masks: The search for identity, Glencoe: The Free Press, 1959, pp. 15–18. Strumpfer, D.J.W., “Relationship between attitudes toward one’s name and self esteem,” Psychological Reports, 43 (1978), 699–702. Strunk, Orlo, Jr., “Attitudes toward one’s own name and one’s self,” Journal of Individual Psychology, 14 (1958), 54–67. Swanson, Blair R., & Price, Raymond L., “Signature size and status,” Journal of Social Psychology, 87 (1972), 319. Tarachow, Sydney, Psychotherapy, New York: International Universities Press, 1963, p. 102. Taylor, Rex, “John Doe, Jr.: A study of his distribution in space, time, and the social structure,” Social Forces, 53 (1974,) 11–21. Tompkins, Richard C. & Boor, Myron, “Effects of students’ physical attractiveness and name, popularity on students teachers’ perceptions of social and academic attributes,” Journal of Psychology, 106 (1980), 37–42. Van Buren, H., “The American way with names.” In R. Brislin (Ed.), Topics in Culture Learning, 2 (1974), 67–86. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 098 801) Voth, Henry R., Hopi proper names, Chicago: Field Columbian Museum Publication 100, Anthropological Series, 6 (3) (1905), 63–113. Reprinted by Kraus: New York, 1968. Walton, William E., “The affective value of first names,” Journal of Applied Psychology, 21 (1937), 396–409. Wells, F.L., & Palwick, Helen R., “Notes on usage of male personal names,” Journal of Social Psychology, 31 (1950), 291–294. West, Stephen G., & Shults, Thomas, “Liking for common and uncommon names,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 2 (1976), 299–302. Wieschoff, Heinz, “Naming and naming customs among the Mashona in Southern Rhodesia,” American Anthropologist, 37 (1937), 497–503. Weischoff, Heinz A., “The social significance of names among the Ibo of Nigeria,” American Anthropologist, 43 (1941), 212–222. Winick, Charles, The new people: Desexualization in American life, New York: Pegasus, 1968, pp. 197–206. Wober, Mallory, “Popular images of personal names,” Science Journal, 1970, September, 39–43. Zelinsky, Wilbur, “Cultural variation in personal name patterns in the Eastern United States,” Annals, Association of American Geographers, 60 (1970), 743–769. Zweigenhaft, Richard L., “Signature size: A key to status awareness,” Journal of Social Psychology, 81 (1970), 49–54. Zweigenhaft, Richard L., “Name styles in America and name styles in New Zealand,” Journal of Social Psychology, 97 (1975), 289–290. Zweigenhaft, Richard L., “The other side of unusual first names,” Journal of Social Psychology, 103 (1977), 291–302. (a). Zweigenhaft, Richard L., “The empirical study of signature size,” Social Behavior and Personality, 5 (1977), 177–185. (b). Zweigenhaft, Richard L., “Unusual names and uniqueness,” Journal of Social Psycology, 114 (1981), 297–298. Zweigenhaft, Richard L., “Unusual first names: A positive look,” Names, 31 (1983), 258–270. Zweigenhaft, Richard L., Hayes, Karen N., & Haagen, C. Hess, “The psychological impact of names,” Journal of Social Psychology, 110 (1980), 203–210. *Grateful appreciation is expressed to the staff of Reed Library and to the staff of the Computer Center, State University College, Fredonia, for assistance in the preparation of this review. My colleagues Bernard Gerling, Luana Josvold, Andree Penot, and John P. Saulitis helped greatly in translation of some materials. Peter B. Steese kindly gave a critical reading of the manuscript. Page numbers for books are generally given in the reference list unless there is a quote directed to a specific page.

Five Big, Big Five Issues

The study was part of the Jyvaskyla Longitudinal Study of Personality and Social Development. The participants (145 females and 147 males) were mailed a Life Situation Questionnaire at ages 27 and 36. This included a Personal Control Inventory as well as questions about their satisfaction with intimate relationships, leisure time, housing, occupation, work situation, and livelihood as well as about their sense of control over life events. Three groups of variables emerged from their responses: positive affectivity (satisfaction with life, contentment with one's achievements), a sense of failure (low self-worth, accusation of others), and self-mastery (self-confidence, social support, control over life events). A single-item self-assessment of health was elicited at ages 27 and 36, and the 12-item General Health Questionnaire was administered at age 36 to study psychological distress. The results (tested by LISREL 7.2) showed that long-term positive affectivity was directly related to good self-assessed he...

The Relation between Locus of Control and the Development of Moral Judgment

The Victimhood Oriented Leader

Dialogue

Teaching and Learning Guide for: Body in Mind: The Role of Embodied Cognition in Self‐Regulation