Motion of a Lamina on a Blade under the Action of Special Type of Forces

PurposeRare special histologic types of breast cancer usually show a favorable prognosis but often has atypical features. Multigene tests (MGTs) in patients with special types of breast cancer have not been well studied. Therefore, we aimed to examine the association between MGTs and histopathology and to evaluate the prognosis of MGTs in patients with special types of breast cancer.Materials and MethodsA total of 133 patients with special histologic types of breast cancer who underwent MGTs were selected from two institutions from 2013 to 2022. Special types were divided into favorable and unfavorable groups. The patients’ clinicopathological characteristics and MGT results were compared, and disease-free survival (DFS) was analyzed.ResultsThe unfavorable group consisted of 76 (57.1%) patients and included more older patients, multiple tumors, grade II/III tumors, high-risk MGT results, and chemotherapy administration. High-risk MGTs were found in 16.5% of the total cohort. The unfavorable type tended to have high-risk MGTs, but multivariate analysis demonstrated that grade II/III tumors, low progesterone receptor expression, and high Ki-67 levels were associated with high-risk MGTs in special type breast carcinomas. MGTs were significantly associated with DFS, particularly in the unfavorable subgroup, in which no recurrence occurred among patients with low-risk MGTs.ConclusionUnfavorable special types of breast cancer were more likely to have high-risk MGTs. The MGT result was a significant prognostic factor and could support decision-making for adjuvant therapies in patients with special histologic types of breast cancer.

Interest in HER2-low breast cancer has grown in recent years due to advancements in novel anti-HER2 antibody-drug conjugates. This study examined the impact of HER2-low expression on survival outcomes in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) of high-grade special histological type (ST) and no special type (NST) and investigated the prognostic significance of TNBC subtype (high-grade ST vs. NST) within HER2 0 and HER2-low expression subgroups. Clinicopathological and survival data of 504 patients with stage I-III TNBC, with or without neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC), were analyzed, including 400 patients with TNBC NST and 104 patients with high-grade TNBC ST. HER2-low status was not identified as an independent prognostic factor for survival in the overall cohort, nor within the high-grade TNBC ST and TNBC NST subgroups. Among patients who did not receive NAC, TNBC subtype (high-grade ST vs. NST) was independently associated with DDFS and DFS in the HER2 0 subgroup, but not in the HER2-low subgroup. Patients with HER2 0 high-grade TNBC ST exhibited significantly worse OS (p = 0.008), DDFS (p < 0.001), and DFS (p < 0.001) compared to those with HER2 0 TNBC NST. Among patients with either HER2 0 or HER2-low tumors treated with NAC, no significant survival difference was observed between high-grade TNBC ST and TNBC NST. These findings suggest that the prognostic impact of TNBC subtype (high-grade ST vs. NST) on survival outcomes may be modulated by HER2 status in a subset of TNBC patients.

The article argues that elimination of the criminal law provision (Art. 188 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) was of an artificial and unjustified nature and resulted in an increase in the number of crimes due to singling out special smuggling types in Art. 2001, 2002, 2261 and 2291 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The author proves the need to unite various types of specialized smuggling in the single body of a crime and to unify the subject and main attributes of smuggling to improve the practical application efficiency. The paper concludes that special smuggling types can trigger discrepancies in the judicial practice with regards to review of such criminal cases similarly to singling out special fraud types due to the blanket character of their dispositions and variability of the respective types of law including international law and its application practice. Differentiation of the generic body of smuggling into special types is an impractical and unjustified decision.

Most invasive breast cancers are classified as invasive ductal carcinoma not otherwise specified (IDC NOS), whereas about 25% are defined as histological 'special types'. These special-type breast cancers are categorized into at least 17 discrete pathological entities; however, whether these also constitute discrete molecular entities remains to be determined. Current therapy decision-making is increasingly governed by the molecular classification of breast cancer (luminal, basal-like, HER2+). The molecular classification is derived from mainly IDC NOS and it is unknown whether this classification applies to all histological subtypes. We aimed to refine the breast cancer classification systems by analysing a series of 11 histological special types [invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC), tubular, mucinous A, mucinous B, neuroendocrine, apocrine, IDC with osteoclastic giant cells, micropapillary, adenoid cystic, metaplastic, and medullary carcinoma] using immunohistochemistry and genome-wide gene expression profiling. Hierarchical clustering analysis confirmed that some histological special types constitute discrete entities, such as micropapillary carcinoma, but also revealed that others, including tubular and lobular carcinoma, are very similar at the transcriptome level. When classified by expression profiling, IDC NOS and ILC contain all molecular breast cancer types (ie luminal, basal-like, HER2+), whereas histological special-type cancers, apart from apocrine carcinoma, are homogeneous and only belong to one molecular subtype. Our analysis also revealed that some special types associated with a good prognosis, such as medullary and adenoid cystic carcinomas, display a poor prognosis basal-like transcriptome, providing strong circumstantial evidence that basal-like cancers constitute a heterogeneous group. Taken together, our results imply that the correct classification of breast cancers of special histological type will allow a more accurate prognostication of breast cancer patients and facilitate the identification of optimal therapeutic strategies.

Fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology carried out on 1318 primary breast cancers from 1980 to 1986 inclusive showed that 198 were well recognised, histological special types. These included medullary, mucoid, tubular, cribriform and lobular invasive cancers, and non-invasive cancers. Excluding these special histological types, the overall number successfully identified (malignant plus suspicious) by fine needle aspiration was 940 (84%), although in only 820 (73%) was malignancy definitely diagnosed. The results for the special types were variable, the mucoid and medullary cancers being consistently identified while the other types were not. For tubular and cribriform, lobular and non-invasive ductal cancers a malignant diagnosis was made in 30% to 40% of cases, although inclusion of suspicious results gave identification figures of 60% to 70%. Particular cytological patterns are characteristic of some special histological cancer types but lesion cellularity, size, and physical definition are all intrinsic factors influencing success of FNA diagnosis. About 10% of all primary breast cancers seem to have certain histological properties which further reduce the success of fine needle aspiration.

Special Histologic Type and Rare Breast Tumors – Diagnostic Review and Clinico-Pathological Implications

AimsCD44, CD24 and ALDH1 are the most consistently used biomarkers to identify and characterise the breast cancer stem cell (CSC) phenotype. However, most studies performed until now analysed samples of...

Spinal cord motoneuron neuropil (cervical and lumbar enlargements) has been studied at the ultrastructural level after fixation with glutaraldehyde and staining with uranyl acetate and lead citrate. Based on the appearance of the synaptic specializations, different types of boutons were identified and correlated with the classification of bouton types based on osmicated tissue. The sulfide silver method for histochemical demonstration of heavy metals was applied to the same region. The localization of reaction products (silver grains) was predominantly in the terminals. Within the bouton, the grains were mainly in the specialized region of the synaptic contact, and the presynaptic network has also labelled, but to a lesser degree. All stained boutons had the same type of paramembranous synaptic specialization, but not all of the boutons with this type of specialization were stained. The stained boutons are interpreted as a fraction of the 'F' boutons.

Relevance. Ensuring the economic security of the Russian Federation as a strategic goal of state policy to achieve national priorities creates conditions for high rates of economic growth and improving the quality of life of the population. In this aspect, it is necessary and appropriate to search for optimal and effective tools, ways and methods that contribute to the socio-economic development of regions, one of which is economic specialization, which allows to maximize the efficiency of using the available potential and competitive advantages.The purpose of the study is to substantiate the effectiveness of industrial-agricultural specialization of the region in order to ensure economic security by conducting a comparative assessment of the dynamics of development of the CFA regions with different types of economic specialization for 2017-2021.Objectives: to consider theoretical aspects of economic specialization of regions, to analyze the structure of gross regional product of the CFD regions, grouping by type of specialization, to assess the dynamics of growth indices of gross regional product, investment in fixed capital, average per capita cash income of the population for 2017-2021.Methodology. Within the framework of the conducted research the authors use general scientific methods: scientific abstraction, analysis and synthesis, generalization of scientific practice, deduction, induction, economic and statistical analysis, comparison, summary, grouping.Results. The conducted research allowed to form and highlight the following scientific results: to substantiate the effectiveness of industrial-agricultural specialization in order to ensure economic security, to formulate the conditions necessary for the transition to industrial-agricultural specialization, to identify the advantages of this type of specialization over others.Conclusions. Regions with industrial-agricultural specialization are characterized by higher growth rates of gross regional product, investment in fixed capital and average per capita income of the population. Also, the regions with industrial-agricultural specialization retain positive dynamics of development in crisis conditions: it is the regions with this specialization that demonstrated positive dynamics in the growth of gross regional product and investment in fixed capital at the end of 2020.

Reciprocal synapses have been found between nerve terminals and the outer hair cells in the human organ of Corti. A single nerve ending of the nonvesiculated type may possess two types of synaptic specialization of opposite polarity. The first is typical of the "afferent" synapse with a presynaptic body in the hair cell and pre- and postsynaptic membrane thickening.. The second consists of a small collection of presynaptic vesicles in the neural cytoplasm near the plasma membrane facing the hair cell and a subsynaptic cisterna within the hair cell cytoplasm. The second type of specialization is similar to the synapses seen in "efferent" endings. This suggests that both an afferent (hair cell to neuron) and efferent (neuron to hair cell) synaptic relationship may exist between an outer hair cell and a single nerve terminal.

Introduction: Breast cancer (BC) is heterogeneous and comprises diverse entities with distinctive phenotypes, biology and clinical presentations. There are 21 special histologic types, accounting for approximately 20% of invasive BCs. Large-scale sequencing studies have focused preferentially on common histologic forms, and data on the genomic landscape of special histologic types, particularly in the metastatic setting, are scarce. Here, we sought to define the repertoire of somatic genetic alterations of metastatic special histologic types of BC. Materials and methods: We conducted a reanalysis of MSK-IMPACT targeted sequencing data of 346 special histologic types of BC from Razavi et al (Cancer Cell 2018), including invasive lobular (ILC; primary, n=129; metastasis, n=150), mucinous (primary n=11, metastasis n=5), micropapillary (primary n=8, metastasis n=13) and metaplastic carcinomas (primary, n=6; metastasis, n=11). Somatic single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and copy number alterations (CNAs) were inferred using a validated bioinformatics pipeline, and mutational signatures were assessed with SigMA. Genetic alterations of metastatic special histologic type BCs were compared to those of primary tumors and metastatic invasive ductal carcinomas of no special type (IDC-NSTs) matched by age, menopausal status and estrogen receptor (ER)/HER2 status at a 1:2 ratio for ILCs and at a 1:3 ratio for the remaining BCs. Results: The most frequently mutated genes in metastatic ILCs were CDH1 (71%), PIK3CA (49%), ESR1 (20%) and KMT2C (19%). ESR1 mutations were more frequent in metastatic than in primary ILCs (20% vs 3%; P&amp;lt;0.01). Metastatic ILCs, as compared to matched metastatic IDC-NSTs, had a higher frequency of mutations in CDH1 (71% vs 2%; P&amp;lt;0.001), KMT2C (19% vs 10%; P&amp;lt;0.05), TBX3 (16% vs 5%; P&amp;lt;0.001), ERBB2 (12% vs 3%; P&amp;lt;0.01) and FOXA1 (10% vs 2%; P&amp;lt;0.05), and a lower frequency of mutations in TP53 (16% vs 36%; P&amp;lt;0.001) and GATA3 (6% vs 16%; P&amp;lt;0.01). GATA3, NCOR1 and ESR1 (each, 40%) were the most frequently mutated genes in metastatic mucinous BCs. ESR1 and NCOR were numerically more frequent in metastatic than in primary mucinous BCs (40% vs 0%; P&amp;gt;0.05). Metastatic mucinous BCs had a numerically higher frequency of mutations in ESR1 (40% vs 6%; P&amp;gt;0.05) and GATA3 (40% vs 0%; P&amp;gt;0.05), and lower frequency of TP53 mutations (20% vs 53%; P&amp;gt;0.05) than matched metastatic IDC-NSTs. PIK3CA and TP53 were the most recurrently mutated genes in metastatic micropapillary BCs and were numerically more frequent in metastatic than in primary tumors (PIK3CA, 61% vs 25%; TP53, 46% vs 25%; P&amp;gt;0.05). PIK3CA was more frequently mutated in metastatic micropapillary BCs than IDC-NSTs (61% vs 23%; P&amp;lt;0.05). Metastatic metaplastic BCs most frequently harbored mutations in TP53 (72%) and PIK3CA (45%), with comparable frequencies in primary metaplastic BCs. ATM (27% vs 3%; P&amp;lt;0.05), MAP3K13 and YAP1 (27% vs 0%; P&amp;lt;0.05) were more frequently mutated in metastatic metaplastic BCs than in matched IDC-NSTs. No differences in the frequency of CNAs were seen between metastatic BCs of special histologic type and matched primary tumors or metastatic IDC-NSTs. Akin to metastatic IDC-NSTs, aging or APOBEC were the predominant mutational SNV signatures in metastatic ILCs, micropapillary and metaplastic BCs. Conclusions: The repertoire of somatic genetic alterations of primary and metastatic special histologic type BCs markedly overlaps. Nonetheless, there is an enrichment of mutations in ESR1 in metastatic BCs of typically ER-positive special histologic type. Metastatic BCs of special histologic type show an enrichment of similar genetic alterations as primary tumors, such as a higher frequency of mutations in CDH1, FOXA1 and TBX3 in ILCs, a lower frequency of PIK3CA and TP53 mutations in mucinous BCs and a higher frequency of PIK3CA and TP53 mutations in micropapillary and metaplastic BCs. Citation Format: Fresia Pareja, Simon SK Lee, Francisco Beca, Lorenzo Ferrando, Pier Selenica, David N Brown, Hannah Y Wen, Hong Zhang, Edi Brogi, Pedram Razavi, Sarat Chandarlapaty, Britta Weigelt, Jorge S Reis-Filho. The genomic landscape of metastatic special histologic types of breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2019 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2019 Dec 10-14; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(4 Suppl):Abstract nr PD8-06.

In a study of 1529 patients with primary operable breast carcinoma we have assessed the effect of applying both histological grade and tumour type to determine their comparative value as prognostic factors in human breast cancer. The prognostic group the patient was placed in, based on histological type alone, was less accurate than using grade and type together for many tumours. The importance of performing histological grading of ductal/no special type carcinoma (50% of the women in this series) is confirmed in this series. The 10-year-survival varied from 76% for women with grade 1 carcinoma to 39% for those with grade 3 tumours. Some of the 'special types' of breast carcinoma including tubular, tubulo-lobular, invasive cribriform and grade 1 mucinous carcinomas behaved as would be predicted, with a greater than 80% 10-year-survival in this series. Others, including grade 2 mucinous carcinomas, however, behaved less well with a 60% to 80% 10-year-survival. Indeed, many of the histological tumour types including tubular mixed, ductal/no special type, mixed ductal with special type and lobular carcinomas of classical, solid or mixed types showed a variation in behaviour that could not be predicted by typing alone. Histological grade and tumour type, when used together, more accurately predicted prognosis. In multivariate analysis of a larger group of 2658 cases of primary breast carcinomas (including the 1529 study cases) when histological grade, lymph node status and tumour size were entered, grade was the most important factor in predicting for survival.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

The development of the WHO classification of tumors of the breast is driven by new knowledge from research whose translation into daily practice is considered clinically relevant. The fifth edition represents an update of the fourth edition and essentially follows the previously known systematics. The histologic features of the lesions continue to form the basis of the classification in the update. This also applies to the definition of invasive tumor types. However, several new molecular classifications as well as additional prognostic and predictive factors are presented and discussed, which improve prognosis estimation and therapy decisions. This paper aims to present the main changes in the current WHO classification. These include the revised definition of mixed invasive carcinomas, the introduction of new special invasive entities (tall cell carcinoma with reversed polarity, mucinous cystadenocarcinoma), the deletion of special invasive types and their classification as variants of invasive carcinoma, NST (no special type, including medullary, lipid-rich, glycogen-rich, among others), the typing of primary neuroendocrine neoplasms of the breast by analogy with other organ systems, changes in the dignity criteria of phyllodes tumors, and the revised subtyping of lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS). In addition to improvements in the fifth edition of the classification, flaws are also highlighted. Asection is devoted to new molecular parameters.

Metaplastic breast carcinoma (MBC) is a special histological type of invasive breast cancer. MBC is a descriptive and operational term for a heterogeneous collection of tumours with distinct histologies, clinical behaviours and potentially responses to therapy.

Mammographic–Pathologic Correlation of Ductal Carcinoma In Situ of the Breast Using Two- and Three-Dimensional Large Histologic Sections