Abstract
In order to survive after birth, mammalian infants need a caretaker, usually the mother. Several behavioral strategies have evolved to guarantee the transition from a period of intense caregiving to offspring independence. Here, we examine a selection of literature on the genetic, epigenetic, physiological, and behavioral factors relating to development and mother–infant interactions. We intend to show the utility of comparisons between rodent and human models for deepening knowledge regarding this key relationship. Particular attention is paid to the following factors: the distinct developmental stages of the mother–pup relationship as relating to behavior; examples of key genetic components of mammalian mother–infant interactions, specifically those coding for the hormones oxytocin and vasopressin; and the possible functions of gene imprinting in mediating interactions between genetics and environment in the mother–infant relationship. As early mother–infant attachment seems to establish the basic parameters for later social interactions, ongoing investigations in this area are essential. We propose the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration in order to better understand the network of genes, gene regulation, neuropeptide action, physiological processes, and feedback loops essential to understand the complex behaviors of mother–infant interaction.
Highlights
A social interaction is a dynamic process, composed not of a single set of behaviors at a given moment, but rather of the relationship of a series of behaviors over time
The mechanisms involved in mother–infant attachment are still insufficiently understood
We offer case studies on the genetic basis of two neurotransmitters, oxytocin (OXT) and vasopressin, which facilitate social recognition by acting on several brain regions, such as the olfactory bulb. Both OXT and vasopressin are highly involved in key social interactions, including social recognition, pair bonding, and parental behavior
Summary
A social interaction is a dynamic process, composed not of a single set of behaviors at a given moment, but rather of the relationship of a series of behaviors over time. Both OXT and vasopressin are highly involved in key social interactions, including social recognition, pair bonding, and parental behavior. These fundamental early-life physiological, genetic, and epigenetic processes suggest why, in many ways, mother–infant attachment establishes basic parameters for later social interactions.
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