Abstract
ObjectiveThe western borderland between Yunnan Province, China, and Myanmar is characterized by a climate that facilitates year-round production of mosquitoes. Numerous mosquito-transmitted viruses, including Japanese encephalitis virus circulate in this area. This project was to describe seasonal patterns in mosquito species abundance and arbovirus activity in the mosquito populations.MethodsMosquitoes were collected in Mangshi and Ruili cities of Dehong Prefecture near the border of China and Burma in Yunnan Province, the Peoples Republic of China in 2010. We monitored mosquito species abundance for a 12-month period using ultraviolet light, carbon dioxide baited CDC light and gravid traps; and tested the captured mosquitoes for the presence of virus to evaluate mosquito-virus associations in rural/agricultural settings in the area.ResultsA total of 43 species of mosquitoes from seven genera were collected, including 15 Culex species, 15 Anopheles spp., four Aedes spp., three Armigeres spp., one Mimomyia spp., two Uranotaenia spp. and three Mansonia spp.. Species richness and diversity varied between Mangshi and Ruili. Culex tritaeniorhynchus, Culex quinquefasciatus, Anopheles sinensis and Anopheles peditaeniatus were the most abundant species in both sampling sites. Ultraviolet light traps collected more specimens than CDC light traps baited with dry ice, though both collected the same variety of mosquito species. The CDC gravid trap was the most effective trap for capture of Culex quinquefasciatus, a species underrepresented in light trap collections. A total of 26 virus strains were isolated, which included 13 strains of Japanese encephalitis virus, four strains of Getah virus, one strain of Oya virus, one strain from the orbivirus genus, and seven strains of Culex pipien pallens densovirus.ConclusionsThe present study illustrates the value of monitoring mosquito populations and mosquito-transmitted viruses year-round in areas where the climate supports year-round adult mosquito activity.
Highlights
Yunnan Province is located in Southwest China, adjacent to Burma, Laos and Vietnam
Human cases of Japanese encephalitis (JE) occur commonly in Yunnan Province [1] and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) (Genus Flavivirus, Family Flaviviridae), Dengue virus (DENV) (Genus Flavivirus, Family Flaviviridae), Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) (Genus Alphavirus, Family Togaviridae), Sindbis virus (SINV) (Genus Alphavirus, Family Togaviridae), Getah virus (GETV) (Genus Alphavirus, Family Togaviridae), Batai virus (BATV) (Genus Orthobunyavirus, Family Bunyaviridae), Banna virus (BAV) (Genus Seadornavirus, Family Reoviridae), Yunnan orbivirus (YUOV) (Genus Obivirus, Family Reoviridae) and several other viruses have been isolated from human patients and from mosquitoes collected in Yunnan Province [2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18]
Over a 12-month period in 2010, mosquito collections using 3 distinct traps demonstrated that mosquitoes are active year round and documented significantly more species diversity, 29 species from six genera in Mangshi and 43 species from seven genera in Ruili than the 25 species previously reported from surveys limited to July through August in this part of China [37,38,39,40]
Summary
Yunnan Province is located in Southwest China, adjacent to Burma, Laos and Vietnam. Ecologically, Yunnan Province supports year-round production of mosquitoes and transmission of mosquito-borne viruses because of its low altitude and climate, which is borderline tropical - South subtropical, characterized by high temperature, humidity and rainfall during half of the year, and moderate temperature and rainfall conditions during the winter months. Previous investigations describing mosquitoes and their association with arboviruses [3,4,5,6,7,8,10,14,16,17,18,19,20,21], have been limited to summer months and do not provide information about the ecology of vectors and viruses during periods when mosquito and virus activity is low This information is critical for preventative vector-control interventions aimed at reducing virus amplification in subsequent seasons. The primary objective of this project is to describe 12-month seasonal patterns in mosquito species abundance and arbovirus transmission activity in western Yunnan Province and secondarily, evaluate the performance of three different mosquito collecting traps in sampling different mosquito species at different times of year
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