Morphological and anatomical diversity of Juniperus sabina var. balkanensis in the Croatian Dinaric Mountains

The morphometry of the large conducting airways is presumed to have a strong effect on the regional deposition of inhaled aerosol particles. Nevertheless, sex-based differences have not been fully quantified and are still largely ignored in designing inhalation therapies. To this end, we retrospectively analyzed high-resolution computed tomography scans for 185 individuals (90 women, 95 men) in the age range of 12-89 yr to determine airway luminal areas, airway lengths, and bifurcation angles. Only subjects free of chronic airway disease were considered. In men, luminal areas of the upper conducting airways were, on average, ∼30%-50% larger when compared with those in women, with the largest differences found in the trachea (289.72 ± 54.25 vs. 193.50 ± 42.37 mm2 for men and women, respectively). The ratio of the largest luminal area in men to the smallest luminal area in women (in any given segment) ranged between 4.5 and 8.6, the largest differences being found in the lobar bronchi. Sex-based differences were minor in the case of bifurcation angles (e.g., average main bifurcation angle: 93.04 ± 9.58° vs. 91.03 ± 9.81° for men and women, respectively), but large intersubject variability was found irrespective of sex (e.g., range of main bifurcation angle: 65.04°-122.01° vs. 69.46°-113.94° for men and women, respectively). Bronchial segments were shorter by ∼5%-20% in women relative to men, the largest differences being located in the upper lobes. False discovery rate analysis revealed statistically significant associations among morphometric measures of the right lung in women (but not in men), suggesting two phenotypes among women that we attribute to the smaller female thoracic volume.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We found significant sex-based morphometric differences in the central airways of healthy men and women that were only mildly attenuated in subsets matched for lung volume. Lumen areas were significantly larger in men (∼30%-50%). Large variability (∼75%-87%) in airway bifurcation angles (60°-122°) was found irrespective of sex. The branching pattern of the right main and right upper bronchi in women (but not in men) follows two phenotypes modulated by lung volume.

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 鲶鱼和胡子鲶的两性异形与雌性个体生育力 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201306021274 作者: 作者单位: 丽水学院,丽水学院生态学院,丽水学院生态学院,丽水学院生态学院 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金癣项目（31270443，30970435）；丽水市科技计划资助项目（20110426）；浙江省大学生科技创新活动计划资助项目（2011R429008） Sexual size dimorphism and female individual fecundity of Silurus asotus and Clarias fuscus Author: Affiliation: College of Ecology,Lishui University,College of Ecology,Lishui University,College of Ecology,Lishui University,College of Ecology,Lishui University Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:检测了鲶鱼（Silurus asotus）和胡子鲶（Clarias fuscus）繁殖期18个形态特征的两性异形以及雌性个体生育力。结果表明，鲶鱼和胡子鲶雌雄性别比例均符合1：1。One-way ANOVA显示，鲶鱼雌雄个体体长差异不显著，胡子鲶雌性个体体长显著小于雄性个体（P < 0.05）。以体长为协变量的One-way ANCOVA显示，特定体长的鲶鱼雌性个体的眼间距和体高显著大于雄性个体（P < 0.05），两性间其它局部特征不存在显著的两性差异；特定体长的胡子鲶雌性个体的体高、腹鳍基前距和腹鳍臀鳍间距显著大于雄性个体，雌性个体的臀鳍基长、尾柄高和尾鳍长显著小于雄性个体（P < 0.05），两性间其它局部特征不存在显著的两性差异。Two-way ANOVA显示，胡子鲶体长显著大于鲶鱼（P < 0.05），性别及物种与性别两因素的相互作用对体长影响不显著。以体长为协变量的Two-way ANCOVA显示，胡子鲶的头长、头宽、吻长、眼间距、尾柄高、尾鳍长、背鳍基前距、背鳍基长、腹鳍基前距、腹鳍臀鳍间距、体重和去内脏体重显著大于鲶鱼，头高、体高、臀鳍基长显著小于鲶鱼（P < 0.05），物种间的其他形态特征变量差异不显著；雌性个体的体高、背鳍基前距、腹鳍基前距、腹鳍臀鳍间距显著大于雄性个体，臀鳍基长、尾柄高、尾鳍长、背鳍基长显著小于雄性个体（P < 0.05），两性间的其他形态特征变量差异不显著；物种与性别两因素的相互作用对体高、臀鳍基长、尾柄高、尾鳍长、背鳍基长和腹鳍臀鳍间距影响显著，对其余的形态特征变量影响不显著。15个形态特征变量的主成分分析（Eigenvalue ≥ 1）发现，前2个主成分共解释68.4%的变异。头宽、眼间距、尾柄高、尾鳍长、背鳍基前距、背鳍基长、腹鳍基前距和腹鳍臀鳍间距在第一主成分有较高的正负载系数，臀鳍基长在第一主成分有较高的负负载系数（解释51.2%变异）；眼后头长在第二主成分有较高的负负载系数（解释17.2%变异）。胡子鲶在第一主成分和第二主成分的分值均显著大于鲶鱼，雌雄两性的差异以及两因素的相互作用对分值的影响均不显著。实验检测的鲶鱼、胡子鲶的怀卵数量与体长和体重回归关系显著。One-way ANCOVA及矫正平均值Tukey's检验显示，特定体长的胡子鲶的产卵数量显著大于鲶鱼。性选择是胡子鲶大个体雄性形成的主要原因，同时影响与运动相关的尾部特征。生育力选择更多的影响与雌性胡子鲶较大腹腔容积相关的形态特征变异。环境因子、食物可得性和营养状况同时影响了个体大小两性异形的形成。 Abstract:We measured the sexual size dimorphism in eighteen morphological traits and female individual fecundity of Silurus asotus and Clarias fuscus collected from Lishui (Zhejiang, eastern China) in reproductive seasons. It had been found that their sex ratios were both 1:1. One-way ANOVA showed the adults of S. asotus were not sexually dimorphic in body length, while body length was significantly larger in adult males than in adult females of C. fuscus (P < 0.05). One-way ANCOVA with body length as a covariate showed that the females of S. asotus with special body length were significantly larger than the males in interorbital width and body depth (P < 0.05), while other examined morphological traits did not differ between the sexes. Furthermore, the females of C. fuscus with special body length were significantly larger than the males in body depth, pelvic fin precoxal length, and length between pelvic fin and anal fin (P < 0.05), whereas their anal fin coxal length, caudal peduncle depth and caudal fin length were significantly shorter in females than in males, and there were no significant differences between the sexes in any other of the examined morphological traits. Two-way ANOVA showed that body length of C. fuscus was significantly larger than one of S. asotus (P < 0.05), both sex and the interaction of sex and species had no effects on the body length. Two-way ANCOVA with body length as a covariate showed that head length, head width, snout length, interorbital width, caudal peduncle depth, caudal fin length, dorsal fin precoxal length, dorsal fin coxal length, length between pelvic fin and anal fin, body mass and carcass mass of C. fuscus were significantly larger than them of S. asotus, while head depth, body depth and anal fin length of C. fuscus were significantly shorter than ones of S. asotus (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, there were no significant differences in other morphological traits between them. Body depth, dorsal fin precoxal length, pelvic fin precoxal length, length between pelvic fin and anal fin were significantly larger among females than among males, while anal fin coxal length, caudal peduncle depth, caudal fin length and dorsal fin coxal length were significantly shorter among females than among males (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in other morphological traits between the sexes. The interaction of species and sex had significant effects on body depth, anal fin coxal length, caudal peduncle depth, caudal fin length, dorsal fin coxal, length between pelvic fin and anal fin, but it had no effect on the other morphological traits. A principal component analysis resolved two components (with eigenvalues≥1) from fifteen size-free morphological variables, accounting for 68.4% of variation in the original data. The first component (51.2% variance explained) had high positive loading for size-free values of head width, interorbital width, caudal peduncle depth, caudal fin length, dorsal fin precoxal length, dorsal fin coxal length, dorsal fin coxal length, pelvic fin precoxal length, pelvic fin precoxal length, length between pelvic fin and anal fin, wherea the first component had high negative loading for size-free values of anal fin coxal length. The second component (17.2% variance explained) had high negative loading for size-free values of postorbital head length. C. fuscus had higher scores on the first and the second axes of a principal component analysis than did S. asotu, but both sex and the interaction of sex and species had no critical effect on the scores. The individual fecundity was significantly correlated with the body length and body mass in C. fuscus and S. asotus positively. One-way ANCOVA and Tukey's test showed that C. fuscus with special body length laid significantly more eggs than S. asotus. Sexual selection was the major evolutionary reasons for large males of C. fuscus, simultaneously had effects on tail traits correlated with locomotion. Fecundity selection affected the variations of morphological traits associated with abdominal cavity volume to a large extent. Environmental factors, food availability and nutritional status affected the evolution of sexual size dimorphism at the same time. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Schizophrenia is a chronic psychiatric disorder with characteristic symptoms of delusions, hallucinations, lack of motivation, and paucity of thought. Recent evidence suggests that the symptoms of schizophrenia, negative symptoms in particular, vary widely between the sexes and that symptom onset is earlier in males. A better understanding of sex-based differences in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of schizophrenia may provide a key to understanding sex-based symptom differences. This study aimed to summarize sex-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) differences in brain activity of patients with schizophrenia. We searched PubMed and Scopus to find fMRI studies that assessed sex-based differences in the brain activity of patients with schizophrenia. We excluded studies that did not evaluate brain activity using fMRI, did not evaluate sex differences, and were nonhuman or in vitro studies. We found 12 studies that met the inclusion criteria for the current systematic review. Compared to females with schizophrenia, males with schizophrenia showed more blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) activation in the cerebellum, the temporal gyrus, and the right precuneus cortex. Male patients also had greater occurrence of low-frequency fluctuations in cerebral blood flow in frontal and parietal lobes and the insular cortex, while female patients had greater occurrence of low-frequency fluctuations in the hippocampus, parahippocampus, and lentiform nucleus. The current study summarizes fMRI studies that evaluated sex-based fMRI brain differences in schizophrenia that may help to shed light on the underlying pathophysiology and further understanding of sex-based differences in the clinical presentation and course of the disorder.

Objective: To investigate the extent to which multivessel disease, incomplete revascularisation and prescribing differences contribute to sex-based outcome disparities in patients with ST-elevation MI (STEMI) and establish whether differences in cardiac death and MI (CDMI) rates persist at long-term follow-up. Methods and results: This observational study evaluates sex-based outcome differences (median follow-up 3.6 years; IQR [2.4-5.4]) in a consecutive cohort of patients (n=2,083) presenting with STEMI undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention). Of the studied patients 20.3% (423/2,083) were women and 38.3% (810/2,083) had multivessel disease (MVD). Incomplete revascularisation was common. The median residual SYNTAX score (rSS) was 5.0 (IQR [0-9]) in women and 5.0 (IQR [1-11]) in men (p=0.369), and in patients with MVD it was 9 (IQR [6-17]) in women and 10 (IQR [6-15]) in men (p=0.838). The primary endpoint CDMI occurred in 20.3% of women (86/423) and in 13.2% of men (219/1,660) (p=0.028). Differences persisted following multivariable risk adjustment: female sex was independently associated with CDMI (aHR 1.33; IQR [1.02-1.74]). Women with MVD had CDMI more often than all other groups (p<0.001 for all). Significant sex-based prescribing differences were evident: women were less likely to receive guideline-recommended potent P2Y12 inhibitors than men (31% versus 43%; p=0.012), and differences were particularly evident in patients with MVD (25% in women versus 45% in men, p=0.011). Conclusion: Sex-based differences in STEMI patient outcome persist at long-term follow-up. Poor outcomes were disproportionately found in women with MVD and those with rSS>8. Observed differences in P2Y12 prescribing practices may contribute to poor outcomes for women with MVD and incomplete revascularisation.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is marked by repetitive occurrences of upper airway (UA) obstruction during sleep. Morbidities impacting the metabolic, cardiovascular (CV) and neurological systems are correlated with OSA. Only a few studies have described the existence of different characteristics depending on sex and, to date, the girl phenotype in OSA pediatrics is not well known. The objective of this systematic review is to identify the specific phenotype of OSA in pediatric and adolescent females compared to males. A systematic review was performed. The terms "pediatric sleep apnea" and "sex differences" were used to look for publications using PubMed, the Cochrane Library and Web of Science. (1) peer-reviewed journal articles written in English; (2) investigations conducted on individuals diagnosed with OSA; and (3) investigations providing information about sex differences. (1) studies carried out with individuals aged 18 years and older; (2) studies involving a sample size of fewer than 10 patients; and (3) editorials, letters and case reports. Fifteen studies were included and classified in sections related to sex-based differences. Limited information related to sex-based OSA differences in the pediatric population exists. These differences are conditioned by hormonal status, and are minimal in the premenarcheal period. Moreover, adolescent women present a lower prevalence of obesity and craniofacial alterations, lower OSA severity related to higher UA area and earlier tonsil regression. Hyperactivity is more frequent in boys. Some studies pointed to a higher risk of high diastolic blood pressure in girls than in boys.

Variation among 91 stone oak species (Fagaceae, Lithocarpus) in fruit and vegetative morphology in relation to climatic factors

The Effects of Diet-induced Obesity on the Distribution of System Trace Elements (P24-059-19)

In pursuit of scientific excellence: sex matters

See related article, pages 909–914. “The pure and simple truth is rarely pure and never simple”. —Oscar Wilde Sex differences in clinical care and outcomes have been documented in multiple studies of patients with coronary artery disease, with research showing differences in presentation, disparities in diagnosis and management, and worse clinical outcomes in women compared to men.1,2 There has been concern that similar sex differences exist in the care and outcomes of patients with stroke, given the parallels in patient populations and risk factors in individuals with cardiac and cerebrovascular disease. To date, however, the research on the interaction between gender and stroke has been limited and results have been inconsistent. Thus, any new information on this topic is welcome. In this issue of Stroke , Eriksson et al3 report on an analysis of 24 633 stroke events in 2006 from the large, well-designed, population-based Swedish National Quality Register (RIKS-Stroke). They found that compared to men, women were older (mean age difference 4.8 years) and were more often unconscious on presentation. No differences were found in processes of care such as administration of thrombolysis or discharge on anticoagulants. Women were more likely to develop deep venous thromboses and fractures, whereas men …

Sex, Renin Angiotensin System Inhibitors, and COVID-19 Severity: Biologic Divergence or Healthcare Disparity?

Sex-specific variation in morphology (sexual dimorphism) is a prevalent phenomenon among animals, and both dietary intake and resource allocation strategies influence sexually dimorphic traits (e.g., body size or composition). However, we investigated whether assimilation efficiency (AE), an intermediate step between dietary intake and allocation, can also vary between the sexes. Specifically, we tested whether sex-based differences in AE can explain variation in phenotypic traits. We measured morphometric characteristics (i.e., body length, mass, condition, and musculature) and AE of total energy, crude protein, and crude fat in post-reproductive adult Children's pythons (which exhibit a limited female-biased sexual size dimorphism) fed both low and high dietary intakes. Meal size was negatively related to AE of energy. Notably, male snakes absorbed crude protein more efficiently and increased epaxial (dorsal) musculature faster than females, which demonstrates a link between AE and phenotype. However, females grew in body length faster but did not absorb any nutrient more efficiently than males. Although our results do not provide a direct link between AE and sexual size dimorphism, they demonstrate that sexual variation in nutrient absorption exists and can contribute to other types of sex-based differences in phenotype (i.e., sexual dimorphism in growth of musculature). Hence, testing the broader applicability of AE's role in sexually dimorphic traits among other species is warranted.

Pinus yunnanensis Franch. is a major component of coniferous forests in southwestern China. Little is known about its intraspecific variation. Morphological variations in needle and cone traits of P. yunnanensis were analyzed to quantify variability among and within natural populations. Seven traits were measured on 10 needles collected from 30 trees in each of the 18 sampled populations of P. yunnanensis. Four cone traits were measured in 221 individual trees from nine populations. The results showed that there were significant differences (p < 0.01) both among populations and within populations in each needle and cone trait. The proportion of phenotypic variation of nearly all needle and cone traits was over 50 % within populations, which showed trees within populations accounted for a majority of the total variation. The needle traits showed higher variability within population than cone traits. Variability in the needle traits was correlated with geo-climatic parameters (longitude, latitude, altitude, temperature, and precipitation). Needle length and the ratio of needle length to fascicle sheath length showed clinal variation in response to latitudinal and altitudinal gradients. A hierarchical classification of all populations based on needle traits led to the formation of four major groups. The findings provide important genetic information for the evaluation of variation. Moreover, it will assist in management of genetic diversity of P. yunnanensis.

BackgroundSpatial ability has been reported to indicate sex-based differences in humans, mainly assessed by Shepard and Metzler mental rotation task (SM-MRT). Most performances in earlier studies have been evaluated by the mean value of reaction time and/or accuracy. The performance indexes might not be sensitive measures of mental rotation. Sex-based differences in the performance might also be involved in the spatial experience of the subject at the time. This study observed variations in components of the SM-MRT over repetition.MethodsMale (n = 17) and female (n = 17) subjects completed 20 days of repeating the SM-MRT. The slope and intercept of the function performance (reaction time) to the angular disparity are calculated; the slope of this function indexes the mental rotation (main-process), and the intercept indexes the other sub-processes.ResultsA significant main effect of sex was obtained on the slope. The intercept also showed a tendency toward statistical difference. The interactions between the sexes and the day were not significant for the indices. Statistical testing for coefficient of variations (CV) indicated no sex-based difference in the effect of the intercept throughout the experiment day. The CV of the slope, however, showed tendencies toward sex-based difference from days 7 to 12.ConclusionsThe difference between the sexes in performance on the slope was sustained throughout the experimental period. A few female subjects who demonstrated larger slope values than male subjects caused the sex difference. The learning rate of mental rotation may be an inherent spatial ability.

Introduction A historical gap in research on sex differences in health outcomes has led to a lack of education on sex-based differences in pathophysiology. The primary objective of this research study was to survey pathophysiology professors of medical schools in the United States (US) to understand the current extent to which the impact of sex on disease is included in the pre-clinical curricula of undergraduate medical institutions in the US. Methods A survey tool was created via literature review to assess the extent of education on sex-based differences in pathophysiology. This survey was distributed using the Qualtrics electronic platform to the head professor of pathophysiology at each of the 141 Liaison Committee on Medical Education (LCME) accredited medical schools in the United States. Results The survey response rate was 14.9%. The most taught topics were epidemiology of most common cancers affecting each sex and risk factors for development of osteoporosis between different sexes. Sex-based differences in zolpidem dosing, smoking cessation, and the physiologic mechanism of narcotic addiction had the least curricular coverage. 28.57% of faculty and 38.10% of faculty agree and somewhat agree, respectively, their institution provides faculty development for teaching about topics relating to sex differences in pathophysiology. Medical students are primarily evaluated on their knowledge of sex pathophysiology in the form of written examination, followed by evaluation by standardized patients, and lastly faculty observed patient interactions. Discussion Curricular topics relating to sex-based differences in pathophysiology are taught to varying degrees in medical school preclinical curricula. Improved efforts can be made to increase instruction on specific topics and to support faculty development in teaching about sex-based differences in disease evaluation and management, enhancing the education of the next generation of physicians and facilitating better care for patients.

It has been well-documented that female and male athletes differ in many physiological and psychological characteristics related to endurance performance. This sex-based difference appears to be associated with their nutritional demands including the patterns of supplement intake. However, there is a paucity of research addressing the sex differences in supplement intake amongst distance runners. The present study aimed to investigate and compare supplement intake between female and male distance runners (10 km, half-marathon, (ultra-)marathon) and the potential associations with diet type and race distance. A total of 317 runners participated in an online survey, and 220 distance runners (127 females and 93 males) made up the final sample after a multi-stage data clearance. Participants were also assigned to dietary (omnivorous, vegetarian, vegan) and race distance (10-km, half-marathon, marathon/ultra-marathon) subgroups. Sociodemographic characteristics and the patterns of supplement intake including type, frequency, dosage, and brands were collected using a questionnaire. One-way ANOVA and logistic regression were used for data analysis. A total of 54.3% of female runners and 47.3% male runners reported consuming supplements regularly. The frequency of supplement intake was similar between females and males (generally or across dietary and distance subgroups). There was no significant relationship for sex alone or sex interactions with diet type and race distance on supplement intake (p < 0.05). However, a non-significant higher intake of vitamin and mineral (but not CHO/protein) supplements was reported by vegan and vegetarian (but not by omnivorous) females compared to their male counterparts. In summary, despite the reported findings, sex could not be considered as a strong modulator of supplement intake among different groups of endurance runners.