MONO-TEMPORAL GIS UPDATE ASSISTANCE SYSTEM BASED ON UNSUPERVISED COHERENCE ANALYSIS AND EVOLUTIONARY OPTIMISATION

GeoInformation (GI) Systems (GIS) and GI Technologies (GIT, together GIST) have been used for almost half a century, since the creation of Canada's first GIS in the 60s of the last century, to solve territory management problems. Over the past years, GISTs have reached their maturity, but still continue to develop, covering ever wider areas of use. Even the science of geoinformatics has emerged, in which GIST is used mainly as a toolkit or technology. As an example, geoinformatics in the same Canada is called geomatics and is a technology and/or technological science. At the same time, the expansion of the field of GIST use poses to researchers the question of methods and methodology. They are followed by issues of methods and methodology of geoinformatics not only as a technology, but also as a science. Moreover, these issues become more complicated with the expansion of the field of use. In the information industry, together with the field of use, the term "domain" or "context" is used. Thus, modern GIST usage manipulate a large number of interrelated terms and concepts that are often not clearly defined. The work is devoted to the classification of the main ones, which are influenced by the strategy selected. Spatial models of territory are used in the work. They are used in the study of both territorial systems of reality and individual spatial entities and phenomena of reality. Among spatial models, the main attention is paid to information spatial models, the most famous of which are GeoInformation Systems (GIS). GIS are inseparable from GIS tools - GeoInformation Technologies (GIT). The main results of the article were obtained using the so-called method of Conceptual Frameworks (CoFr) of Spatial Information Systems (SpIS). The CoFr method is applied to a special class of GIS - Atlas Geo-Information Systems (AGIS) of large territories (LT). The AGIS class includes Electronic Atlases (EA), Atlas Information Systems (AtIS), Cartographic Information Systems (CIS) and, in fact, GIS, if we are talking about LT. AGIS-LT is a hierarchical echeloned SpIS, for which the main terms and concepts of the article are applicable. These are such terms and concepts as "strategy" and "methodology" of GIS usage. GIS, in turn, use GIT, which are also classified using CoFr SpIS.

Geo Information Systems and Remote Sensing: Applications in Environmental Systems and Management

The purpose of the work is to develop a mechanism for increasing the socio-economic development sustainability of the region based on the application of modern GIS technologies. The subject of this work is the organizational and economic relations that arise in the process of constructing a geoinformation system for modeling the spatial development of territories. This system is aimed at achieving sustainable economic growth in the region. The methods of empirical research (observation, comparison, collection and study of information), methods of current and prospective analysis and theoretical and practical material synthesis were used in the work. The article analyzes the available publications on the issues of regional sustainable development, which allowed to conclude of necessity to introduce modern geoinformation systems for the operational collection, processing and analysis of primary information on indicators of socio-economic development of the territories. The developed mechanism for increasing the sustainability of the socio-economic development of the region using geo-information systems includes three conceptual blocks: creation and functioning of a regional GIS-center with constant fi of databases and updating of operating systems; geoinformation system of macroeconomic and spatial territory development data analysis; modeling of regional development taking into account individual features of the territory and targets for sustainable socio-economic development. This mechanism is designed to increase the stability of the socio-economic development of the region, by taking into consideration the balance of interests of the state, business and society. This will ensure a non-decreasing rate of opportunity growth to meet the needs of present and future generations who live in the given territory and the preservation of the environment. The proposed mechanism for increasing the stability of spatial development of regions on the basis of geoinfrational technologies is a tool for improving the management system in the framework of implementing the state and regional economic policy of spatial development of Russia. The use of geoinformation systems in the development of measures to increase the sustainable socio-economic development of the region contributes to improving the quality of the complex system state analysis. It contributes to the solution of practical problems in allocating resources or analyzing the effectiveness of their deployment. It also contributes to the implementation of the strategic planning principles using digital technologies and to ensure the timeliness of the decisions made in the field under investigation.

This study is focused on the detection and typification of circular features with different sizes, origins, and states of erosion as well as on their surrounding tectonic setting, as well as on their impact on the environment and on the occurrence of natural hazards based on different satellite data of Egypt. Sentinel 2, Landsat and ASTER images and Sentinel 1- and ALOS L-band Phased Array Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR)-radar data make it possible to identify larger ring structures as well as smaller circular features like maars or sinkholes in karst areas. Evaluations of the various satellite data contribute to the systematic and standardized inventory ring structures, most of which are related to magmatic intrusions. Such an inventory is a prerequisite for hazard preparedness and should be part of natural hazard data mining integrated into a Geo Information System (GIS). Mapping traces of volcanic activities (craters, maars, cones) is essential as a contribution to land use planning. By gathering the data and integrating the knowledge of the different ring structures in standardized GIS data base one of the many steps towards hazard preparedness and adapted land use planning can be achieved. Circular features are often buried by aeolian and fluvial sediments and become only visible on radar images or on Landsat or ASTER RGB images combining thermal bands. Larger ring structures have not only an influence on groundwater flow but also on geodynamic activity (earthquakes and related secondary effects).

An Airport Qualification may be required for a pilot to receive qualification for the execution of an approach or departure from a terrain, weather, or procedure challenging airport. The FAA identified these challenging airports and calls them "Special Pilot Qualification Airports". This Qualification may be accomplished through a familiarization using airport images or through a familiarization flight with an authorized person. Currently, Jeppesen offers Airport Familiarization Charts. These charts depict approach procedure photos to a runway from the pilot's perspective and aerial views of the airport. Before the approach, Pilots make use of these photos to get familiarized with the airport, the runway layout, the approach and terrain. Jeppesen qualification charts cover all FAA identified airports and other challenging airports. A first prototype for generating "Synthetic Airport Familiarization" pictures and videos has been researched, developed, implemented and validated. Flight Information Data as well as Remote Sensing Data and their derived data was processed and visualized through Geo Information System (GIS). This paper describes a new possibility to generate airport familiarization images using Remote Sensing Data, terrain data, airport vector data, obstacles and approach procedure data through GIS. The objective is to replace analogues photos with synthetic pictures and also to generate new Airport Familiarization Videos. Finally, an overview of the potential feature extensibility of the Synthetic Airport Familiarization System is presented.

In this paper we present a new interdisciplinary approach to geographic information systems. The integration of object-oriented data modeling, 3D real-time simulation, virtual reality techniques and remote sensing methods with new semantic world modeling techniques and well known geo information system (GIS) functionalities provides the basis for a new class of “Virtual Testbeds”. These testbeds build on a new approach which combines state-of-the-art GIS functionalities to deal with complex and large geographical data sets with the intuitive operability and the advanced simulation capabilities of latest robotic and automation simulation components. Besides the simulation algorithms, the testbeds take advantage of advanced modeling capabilities to (semi) automatic ally generate models of “natural” environments in e.g. forests or cities. Based on remote sensing data, not only geometric shapes are derived, but also an object’s “function” or “semantics”. The new ideas have already been applied to various applications of which the most successful will also be described in this paper.

Land is used and modified in its natural function for the cultivation of food and energy crops, for infrastructure and other production purposes. Despite their global significance, land use impacts are still rarely addressed, although methods for integrating land use into Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) have been developed recently. This paper describes the development and calculation of regionalized characterization factors based on the LANCA® (Land Use Indicator Value Calculation in Life Cycle Assessment) method to be integrated into LCA using a geo information system (GIS). With the publication of the LANCA® characterization factors (Bos et al. 2016), land use impacts can be assessed at the country level. However, soil parameters as well as climatic conditions change on a small scale and are very site-specific. Therefore, there is a need for regionalized characterization factors. After a literature review, we describe the development of the five LANCA® indicators. Afterwards we present the conceptual framework for the calculation of GIS-based characterization factors and apply this framework to two examples, the indicators of mechanical filtration and physicochemical filtration. Finally, we apply the characterization factors in a case study. The region-specific characterization factors are calculated in a GIS environment yielding a map with values for mechanical filtration and physicochemical filtration per grid cell for various land use types. A case study shows that land use impacts fluctuate due to site-specific conditions such as pedological, topographical and climatic conditions. It can be shown that our calculation of regionalized characterization factors in global maps is feasible and facilitates an area’s potential for causing lower environmental impacts for a certain land use compared to other areas. Remaining challenges are related to input data quality, the comprehensibility of the results to practitioners that are not land use experts and the technical restrictions of LCA database and software providers. Through the presented regionalization of the LANCA® framework, a necessary prerequisite to method advancement is met as also region-specific characterization factors can now be calculated. In comparison to the published country-specific characterization factors in Bos et al. (2016), the developed regional GIS-based characterization factors are far more advantageous especially for large countries. Nevertheless, it has to be noted that an LCA including the evaluation of land use does not replace methods and tools like environmental impact assessment. When deciding on a preferable location for a specific land use nature conservation, geographical, geological and building law aspects must also be taken into account.

People have used rainwater harvesting (RWH) technology for generations to a considerable extent in semi-arid and arid regions. In addition to meeting domestic needs, this technology can be utilized for agricultural purposes as well as soil and water conservation measures. Modeling the identification of the appropriate pond's location therefore becomes crucial. This study employs a Geo Information System (GIS) based multi-criteria analysis (MCA) approach and satellite rainfall data, Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP) to determine the suitable locations for the ponds in a semi-arid area of Indonesia, Liliba watershed, Timor. The criteria for determining the location of the reservoir refer to the FAO and Indonesia's small ponds guideline. The watershed's biophysical characteristics and the socioeconomic situation were taken into consideration when selecting the site. According our statistical analysis, the correlation coefficient results of satellite daily precipitation were weak and moderate, but the results were strong and extremely strong for longer time scales (monthly). Our analysis shows that about 13% of the entire stream system is not suitable for ponds, whereas areas that are both good suitability and excellent suitability for ponds make up 24% and 3% of the total stream system. 61% of the locations are partially suited. The results are then verified against simple field observations. Our analysis suggests that there are 13 locations suitable for pond construction. The combination of geospatial data, GIS, a multi-criteria analysis, and a field survey proved effective for the RWH site selection in a semi-arid region with limited data, especially on the first and second order streams.

People have used rainwater harvesting (RWH) technology for generations to a considerable extent in semi-arid and arid regions. In addition to meeting domestic needs, this technology can be utilized for agricultural purposes as well as soil and water conservation measures. Modeling the identification of the appropriate pond’s location therefore becomes crucial. This study employs a Geo Information System (GIS) based multi-criteria analysis (MCA) approach and satellite rainfall data, Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP) to determine the suitable locations for the ponds in a semi-arid area of Indonesia, Liliba watershed, Timor. The criteria for determining the location of the reservoir refer to the FAO and Indonesia’s small ponds guideline. The watershed’s biophysical characteristics and the socioeconomic situation were taken into consideration when selecting the site. According our statistical analysis, the correlation coefficient results of satellite daily precipitation were weak and moderate, but the results were strong and extremely strong for longer time scales (monthly). Our analysis shows that about 13% of the entire stream system is not suitable for ponds, whereas areas that are both good suitability and excellent suitability for ponds make up 24% and 3% of the total stream system. 61% of the locations are partially suited. The results are then verified against simple field observations. Our analysis suggests that there are 13 locations suitable for pond construction. The combination of geospatial data, GIS, a multi-criteria analysis, and a field survey proved effective for the RWH site selection in a semi-arid region with limited data, especially on the first and second order streams.

In case of disaster recovery an enormous information flow arises between administrative and operational groups, which during ‘times of peace’ would not exist in this form, or if so, at a much more modest scale. This complex structure of administrative tiers and operational services is served by as many, or perhaps even a larger number of (geo) information systems. The use of geo information and geographic information systems for combining, analyzing and visualizing data at this point has not taken sufficient root in the disaster recovery structure. If geo information is used at all, it is within the individual organization, and often it is not possible to share data with other partners in the chain.

Geo Informatics is an interdisciplinary field responsible for spatial information related activities. Geo Informatics is close to the Geo Information Science, Geo Information System, Remote Sensing, etc. Geo Informatics is a combination of Geo Science and Information Science and here different kinds of IT and Computing tools are being used such as Database Technology, Network Technology, Web Technology, Multimedia Technology, etc in the spatial data management. Remote Sensing is considered as a component of Geo Information Science dedicated in gathering of information on the different types of objects without physical content and applicable in different areas of the geography, survey of land and different type of geo related areas viz. Hydrology, Ecology, Meteorology, Oceanography and Geology, etc. The term remote sensing is also called as GIS & RS due to their relationship and their importance. The applications of the IT in Geography and allied areas are called as Geo Informatics or Geo Information Science. Similarly, the applications and utilization of IT, Information Science and Computing in Environment and allied areas are known as Environmental Informatics or Environmental Information Science. The GIS and Remote Sensing applications in the environment and ecological areas are increasing rapidly and it includes various existing and emerging applications. This paper talks about the applications of the GIS and RS in Environmental Applications and Management.

Стаття присвячена аналізу можливостей використання геоінформаційних систем в навчальному процесі в рамках підготовки здобувачів непрофільних спеціальностей. Окреслено переваги та недоліки використання геоінформаційних систем в навчальному процесі. Наголошено на мультидисциплінарних властивостях геоінформаційних систем, що розкриваються у можливостях здобувачів проводити дослідницьку діяльність в рамках кількох навчальних курсів. Геоінформаційні системи відповідно до своїх функціональних можливостей та ліцензійних умов можна розділити на комерційні програмні комплекси та Open Source програмне забезпечення. Навчальні дисципліни на базі геоінформаційних систем для непрофільних спеціальностей структурно мають бути орієнтовані на: вивчення методики одержання та аналізу географічної інформації для формування баз геоданих; збирання просторової інформації та її класифікацію; побудову на основі проаналізованих геоданих просторових моделей; вивчення основ ГІС-картографування; аналіз функціональних можливостей геоінформаційних систем.

Substantial progress in Geoinformatics System in recent years leads to the research in monitoring and mapping of glaciers. Monitoring glacier in the mountain region with traditional manual method is very crucial and time-consuming. Glaciers are melting because of global warming. Melting of glaciers can causes calamities like rising in sea level, glacial lake outburst, avalanches etc. Glacier monitoring using multi-temporal data for objects on the surface of the glacier is hard to classify. This paper gives an insight into the importance of Geo-spatial data and object-based image analysis method for satellite image processing. The object-based image analysis benefits more compared to traditional pixel-based image analysis as it is more robust and noise removing more image features etc. Spectral data with multiple bands is the backbone of surveying and monitoring of glacier. In this paper case study of Mount Everest region (27 48° 32N, 86 54° 47E) is represented. The remotely sensed image needs to be taken in a cloud-free environment. Object-based image classification is done in recognition tool. Also, the step by step methodology of object-based classification, segmentation and post-classification possibilities are discussed. Finally, the paper presents several representations of indexes. The integration of indexes is useful for accurately classifying the different part of terrain, lake, vegetation and glacier.

The objective of upcoming research in the field of geoprocessing is to evolve interoperability standards to develop flexible and scalable controlling and simulation services. In order to overcome the limitations of proprietary solutions, efforts have been made to support interoperability among simulation models and geo information systems (GIS). Existing standards in the domain of spatial information and spatial services define geoinformation (GI) in a more or less static way. Though time can be handled as an additional attribute, its representation is not explicitly specified. In contrast, as the standard for distributed heterogeneous simulation, the High Level Architecture (HLA) provides a framework for distributed time-variant simulation processes but HLA is lacking in supporting spatial information. A Web-based distributed spatio-temporal interoperability architecture DALI integrating these initiatives is presented. The long term goal of this DALI architecture is making standardized off-the-shelf GI and simulation services usable for highly specialized simulation and controlling applications.

As a consequence of the wide-spread application of digital geo-data in Geoinformation Systems (GIS), quality control has become increasingly important. A high degree of automation is required in order to make quality control efficient enough for practical application. In order to achieve this goal we have designed and implemented a semi-automatic technique for the verification of cropland and grassland GIS objects using 1 m pan-sharpened multispectral IKONOS imagery. The approach compares the GIS objects and compares them with data derived from high resolution remote sensing imagery using image analysis techniques. Textural, structural, and spectral features are assessed in a classification based on Support Vector Machines (SVM) in order to check whether a cropland or grassland object in the GIS is correct or not. The approach is explained in detail, and an evaluation is presented using reference data. Both the potential and the limitations of the system are discussed.