Abstract
Monitoring the quality of water is a requisite to prevent outbreaks related to waterborne diseases, predominantly caused by pathogens like enteric viruses, usually transmitted via the fecal-oral route. This study aimed to survey a group of enteric viruses (Enterovirus, Norovirus genogroups I and II, and hepatitis A virus) in two surface water sources of drinking water, also intending to evaluate the extent of their elimination in the two water treatment plants (WTPs) involved in drinking water production. Correlations between these viruses and fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) were also evaluated. Positive samples for viral RNA were recurrently found by reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and quantified, in genomic copies per liter (gc/L) of sampled water. Viral RNAs were detected in 14 out of 27 samples of surface water, and 21 out of 36 samples of drinking water, NoV II having been the most frequently detected in both (0–78.6 gc/L and 0–12.5 gc/L, respectively). Both WTPs showed variable efficacies in the elimination of viral RNA. Only one correlation was found with FIB, between NoV II and intestinal enterococci. These results recommend the monitoring of enteric viruses over time and their inclusion in the mandatory analysis of water quality.
Highlights
The water used by human societies can have different origins, such as surface water from rivers and dam reservoirs
Enterovirus RNA was detected in one sample from the dam reservoir, it was not found in the drinking water collected at the outlet of WTP_D
Enteric viruses have a high impact on human health and in the emergence of waterborne diseases
Summary
The water used by human societies can have different origins, such as surface water from rivers and dam reservoirs. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 785 million people do not have a basic water supply service, counting 144 million people who are directly dependent on surface water [1]. In 2025, half of the population will live in areas of water stress [1]. The monitoring of the quality of water is a permanent requisite to prevent, among other possible threats to human health, outbreaks related to waterborne diseases [2,3]. Health risks associated with the use of surface water include infectious diseases predominantly caused by enteric pathogens, mainly bacteria and viruses [4,5].
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