Abstract
The extent and altitudinal range of permafrost in the Tien Shan has changed many times during the Holocene. The lower limit of permafrost has risen significantly, but from time to time it has regressed. For example, the limit of permafrost during the Little Ice Age was lower than it is now by about 300–400 m. Based on the distribution of relict permafrost features in the Tien Shan, the mean annual air temperature in the Little Ice Age was 2–3°C lower than today. During the last years, permafrost temperatures have increased 0.1 to 0.4°C.
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