Monitoring prevalence of breastfeeding and associated factors: results of the 2022 data collection of the Italian surveillance of children aged 0-2 years.

Primary prevention of atopic dermatitis in breast-fed infants: what is the evidence?

Influence and Mechanisms of Maternal and Infant Diets on the Development of Childhood Asthma

Abstracts from The Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine 20th Annual International Meeting Los Angeles, California October 16–18, 2015

Optimizing nutritional status is critical in CF infants. The 2009 CF Foundation guidelines call for breast milk(BM) as the initial type of feeding, but do not address appropriateness of exclusive or prolonged breastfeeding(BF) for CF patients with meconium ileus and/or pancreatic insufficiency. There are no recommendations for fortification of BM or formula to increase caloric and nutrient density.Objectives1)Determine growth patterns and nutritional status in infants with CF in the first year of life & relate this to feeding type 2)Assess the potential longer term benefits and risks of early exclusive breastfeeding in infants with CF on nutritional status & pulmonary disease status at 2 y –6 y of age.MethodsThe FIRST Study is an ongoing US multi‐centered prospective observational study to determine optimal feedings for infants with CF. Study endpoints include growth patterns (weight (W), length(L), W/L ratio), prevalence of anemia, and fatty acid & vitamins A,E,D status. Infants were evaluated monthly after study enrollment when feeding information was collected.Results115/160 infants have been enrolled to date, 96 of whom have completed 12 mo of the study and are included in this preliminary analysis. Infants were diagnosed at 0.8 ± 0.7 mo and enrolled at 1.6 ± 0.9 mo. Infants self selected into 1 of 3 feeding groups: exclusive BF (ExBF), exclusive formula feeding (ExFF), & mixed feeding(MF). 63% initiated ExBF,decreasing to 31% at 4 wk, 18% at 4 mo, and 15% at 6 mo. 26% initiated ExFF, increasing to 45% at 4 mo and 56% at 6 mo. 11% initiated MF which increased to 37% at 4 mo & declined to 29% by 6 mo. WHO W and L z‐scores were normal at birth and fell below normal by 2 mo regardless of feeding type. W but not L z‐scores recovered by 12 mo, but growth patterns differed significantly by feeding type. Increasing duration of ExBF was associated with lower increases in both W & L z‐scores. 40% of infants were unable to achieve 25‐OH Vit D levels ≥ 75 nmol/L despite early and sustained supplementation with a median intake of 400 IU Vit D (400–2500 IU/d). Highest rate of deficiency occurred at 4 mos. Vit A and Vit E status did not differ by feeding group. Median Vit A intake was 5751 IU (750–11,502 IU/d) and median Vit E intake was 50 IU (range 5–100 IU/d). Low vit A level ( α‐tocopherol < 5 mg/L) was observed in 14% of infants. Prevalence of low vit E (retinol < 0.2 mg/L) was very low. Hemoglobin was assessed in 70% of infants between 6 &12 mo and 33% were anemic, more prevalent (50%)in the ExBF infants who were not routinely supplemented with Fe. 83% of ExBF had iron intakes less than the RDA. Abnormal essential fatty acid status (EFA) was common before age 3 mo; 36% of infants were deficient or insufficient (triene‐tetraene > 0.01). In addition, the concentrations of the principle EFA, linoleic acid was lower in BF compared to FF infants, but no difference in DHA was noted. The prevalence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections did not differ between BF and FF infant.ConclusionsOur data indicate that duration of exclusive breastfeeding in CF infants during the first year of life has a potential negative impact on growth patterns and on various measures of nutritional status including growth and prevalence of Fe, vit D,and EFA deficiencies.Support or Funding InformationSupported by NIH‐RO1DK072126, R56DK109692, UL1TR000427, CFF‐LAI14A0

Reconciling breast-feeding and early food introduction guidelines in the prevention and management of food allergy

Research Article| October 01 2010 Breastfeeding Duration and Exclusivity Decrease Infant Infections AAP Grand Rounds (2010) 24 (4): 44. https://doi.org/10.1542/gr.24-4-44 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Breastfeeding Duration and Exclusivity Decrease Infant Infections. AAP Grand Rounds October 2010; 24 (4): 44. https://doi.org/10.1542/gr.24-4-44 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All PublicationsAll JournalsAAP Grand RoundsPediatricsHospital PediatricsPediatrics In ReviewNeoReviewsAAP NewsAll AAP Sites Search Advanced Search Topics: breast feeding Source: Duijts L, Jaddoe VWV, Hofman A, et al. Prolonged and exclusive breastfeeding reduces the risk of infectious diseases in infancy. Pediatrics. 2010; 126(1): e18– e25; doi: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2008-3256Google Scholar To assess the association between duration of breastfeeding and infant infections, investigators from the Netherlands collected data from a population-based prospective cohort study of infants born in Rotterdam. Mothers of study children completed questionnaires at age 6 and 12 months regarding duration and exclusivity of breastfeeding and whether any infectious diseases occurred. Breastfeeding at different ages was categorized as exclusive or partial based on whether the infant received any formula or food in addition to breast milk prior to that time. Results were adjusted for important confounders such as maternal age, education, ethnicity, smoking, number of siblings, day care attendance, and family history of asthma and allergies. Infections were categorized as upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) for a serious cold, ear, or throat infection; lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) for pneumonia, bronchitis or bronchiolitis; and gastrointestinal tract infection (GI). Information on 4,164 infants was available. Compared to children who were never breastfed, in the first six months of life those who were breastfed exclusively until the age of 4 months and partially thereafter had a 35% lower risk of URTI, 50% lower risk of LRTI, and 59% lower risk of GI (all differences statistically significant). These children also had a 54% lower risk of LRTI between ages 7 and 12 months. Infants who were breastfed exclusively for six months also had significantly lower rates of URTI than those who were never breastfed. Overall, the length of exclusive breastfeeding was significantly associated with fewer URTI, LRTI, and GI in the first year of life. Partial breastfeeding, even for six months, did not significantly lower infection rates. Also, four months of exclusive breastfeeding without any later breastfeeding did not reduce rates of these infections. The authors conclude that exclusive breastfeeding in developed countries should be recommended for at least four months, but preferably six months. Previous studies have documented that breastfeeding results in improved infant and maternal health outcomes in both developed and developing countries.1–4 Although the World Health Organization has recommended that all children be exclusively breastfed for six months instead of four months, supporting studies have had methodological concerns such as varying duration and/or exclusivity of breastfeeding.5 Recent US breastfeeding initiation rates have approached the 2010 Healthy People Goals, but both duration of breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding fall short of the 2010 goals.6 The importance of duration and exclusivity are documented quite dramatically in the current study. Six months of partial breastfeeding or four months of exclusive breastfeeding without breastfeeding afterwards did not lower infection rates. However, significant reductions in rates of infection were obtained with exclusive breastfeeding for four months and partial thereafter. Exclusive breastfeeding for six months tended to be even more protective. Several limitations of this study must be noted.... You do not currently have access to this content.

Dealing With Binary Repeated Measures Data

Increasing exclusive breast feeding

Background: Breast milk is widely accepted as the best nutrition for all newborn infants. World Health Organization has recommended exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months. Rate of 4-month and 6-month exclusive breastfeeding in Thailand are 20.7% and 14.5%, respectively. There is no data reported for preterm infants. Objectives: 1) To determine rate of 4-month exclusive or predominant breastfeeding and partial breastfeeding in preterm infants. 2) To determine feeding pattern during hospitalization and at home in preterm infants. 3) To determine promoting factors of successful breastfeeding. Materials and methods: This was a cohort study in mothers of preterm infants with gestational age ≤ 34 weeks and birth weight ≤ 2000 grams. Data is collected from medical records and by parental interview. The mother-infant dyads will be followed after discharged from hospital until 4 months of age. Results: The study period was between 1 March 2009 and 28 February 2010. There were 90 mothers recruited. Data of 74 mothers with complete follow up were analyzed. Mean maternal age was 29.67 ± 7.43 years old. Median gestational age at delivery was 31 (interquartile range 4) weeks. Mean infants birth weight was 1412.71 ± 339.18 grams. Rate of exclusive or predominant and partial breastfeeding were 32.4% and 29.7%, respectively. After adjusted for mother work at home, multiple pregnancy, previous breastfeeding experience, mother stay with infants and exclusive breastfeeding in the last 24 hours by multiple logistic regression analysis, promoting factors of successful exclusive breastfeeding were mother work at home (OR 6.77, 95%CI 1.80, 25.55), previous breastfeeding experience (OR 5.09, 95%CI 1.39, 18.65), exclusive breastfeeding in the last 24 hours (OR 4.70, 95%CI 1.17, 18.89) and mother stay with infants (OR 4.22, 95%CI 1.17, 15.68). Conclusion: Exclusive breastfeeding in preterm infants is possible. Mothers stay with their infants during long hospitalization and exclusive breastfeeding during the last 24 hours before discharge are significant promoting factors that should be supported by health personnel. Mother work at home is the other significant promoting factor of successful 4-months exclusive or predominant breastfeeding.

The relation of breast feeding and other factors to the incidence of respiratory syncytial virus-associated lower respiratory tract illness (RSV-LRI) in the first year of life is examined. The study population is 1,179 healthy infants enrolled at birth between May 1980 and January 1984 into the Tucson Children's Respiratory Study, Tucson, Arizona. Each subject's data were assessed at each month of age during the first year of life, during those months when respiratory syncytial virus was isolated. A number of significant relations were observed, particularly between 1 and 3 months of age. At this age, the risk of having a RSV-LRI increased in association with less than 1-month or no breast feeding, with being male, and with increasing numbers of others sharing the child's bedroom. In multivariate analysis, only sex and the number of others sharing the room remained as significant direct effects. However, a significant interaction demonstrated that breast feeding has a protective role in relation to RSV-LRIs for those infants of mothers with a lower education level. The risk of having a RSV-LRI increases with combinations of risk factors. Being in day care was a significant risk factor in the 7- to 9-month age range. The RSV-LRI rate also varies by birth month. A separate case-control study assessed relations of RSV-LRIs with cord serum RSV antibody. Those with lower cord serum RSV antibody, who also have minimal breast feeding, were found to be especially at risk for RSV-LRIs in the first 5 months of life.

We followed 183 infants for two years, 31 of whom were breast fed less than three and a half months (median 70 days; short breast feeding group) and a further 31 of whom were exclusively breast fed for more than nine months (long breast feeding group). We assessed heredity for atopy, number of infections, and duration of breast feeding as determinants of atopy. During the first year of life 14 infants has signs of atopy. During the second year parents reported signs of atopy in a further 31. Heredity was the only significant predictor of atopy. Atopy was seen in 33% of infants with a positive heredity and in 16% without family history for atopy. The duration of breast feeding affected the incidence of atopy only among the infants without family history for atopy: fewer in the short breast feeding group (1/18) had atopy than in the long breast feeding group (5/13). Duration of breast feeding did not associate with incidence of respiratory infections. Diarrhoea was more common in the short breast feeding group than in the long breast feeding group during the first year of life. We conclude that prolonging exclusive breast feeding from the median of 70 days to nine months did not contribute to the prevention of infantile atopy and respiratory tract infections.

The lessons of noninterventional and interventional prospective studies on the development of atopic disease during childhood.

8^th ABM/EABM European Regional Conference May 11–13, 2023 Split, Croatia

Background: An individual's personal social network influences behavior; one is more likely to adopt behaviors consistent with norms within the network to avoid social stigma. Personal social network types, which are associated with individual behaviors, have been identified for new mothers: exclusive (kin centric) and expansive (not kin centric). Objective: To analyze the impact of personal social network type on breastfeeding practices in U.S.-born Black and White mothers. Methods: Mothers of infants <6 months old completed surveys about their personal social networks and feeding practices. Multinomial logit models examined how social network types moderated effects of sociodemographic factors on feeding practices. Results: Of 402 mothers, 67% self-identified as Black and 33% as White. Forty-six percent were exclusively breastfeeding; 26% were mixed breast and formula feeding. The likelihood of exclusively breastfeeding was positively associated with percentage of network members who had breastfed; this association was stronger for mothers with exclusive networks than those with expansive networks (β = 2.74, p < 0.001 versus β = 1.78, p = 0.03). Black race was positively correlated with exclusive breastfeeding or mixed feeding for mothers with exclusive networks (β = 1.50, p = 0.046; β = 1.86, p = 0.02, respectively). Lower educational level was negatively correlated with exclusive breastfeeding; this correlation was stronger for mothers with exclusive networks (β = -1.91, p = 0.002 versus β = -1.70, p = 0.04). Lower educational level was also negatively correlated with mixed feeding for mothers with exclusive networks (β = -1.61, p = 0.02). Conclusions: Mothers' personal social network type likely moderates the relationship between sociodemographic variables and feeding practices. While the influence of having network members with breastfeeding experience is important, the magnitude of influence is stronger in exclusive networks.

Expression patterns of atopic eczema and respiratory illnesses in a high-risk birth cohort