Możliwość zastosowania separatorów rurowych do oddzielania produktów z odwiertu

A comprehensive mechanistic model has been developed for gas-liquid two-phase flow in horizontal and near horizontal pipelines. The model is able first to detect the existing flow pattern, and then to predict the flow characteristics, primarily liquid holdup and pressure drop, for the stratified, intermittent, annular, or dispersed bubble flow patterns. A pipeline data bank has been established. The data bank includes large diameter field data culled from the A. G. A. database, and laboratory data published in the literature. Data include both black oil and compositional fluid systems. The comprehensive mechanistic model has been evaluated against the data bank and also compared with the performance of some of the most commonly used correlations for two-phase flow in pipelines. The evaluation, based on the comparison between the predicted and the measured pressure drops, demonstrated that the overall performance of the proposed model is better than that of any of the correlations, with the least absolute average percent error and the least standard deviation.

The production of natural gas in the Far North is associated with a number of difficulties, including harsh climate, lack of transport and energy infrastructure, etc. One of the key problems is the possibility of hydrate development in gas wells and gas collecting flow lines, which reduces the efficiency of gas field operation and can lead to accidents. The constant monitoring of the gas flow in pipelines and the evaluation of the current state of the system in terms of probability of hydrate development, therefore, presents a relevant and not completely sold the technical problem. The existing diagnostic methods are based on either parameter or wave analysis. This article suggests evaluating the flow state in the pipelines according to the results of pressure and temperature measurements, as well as ascertaining the presence of sediments in the pipelines and determining their coordinates using echolocation. The logic of measurement data treatment is analyzed in detail and it includes such stages as operation echogram analysis, the calculation of wave propagation speed in the pipeline, building the pipeline’s pressure and temperature profile and the critical area of gas flow hydrate development conditions, their mutual alignment and drawing conclusions whether some problems, notably hydrate development, may occur. A sample analysis of a specific echogram is given. It focuses on assigning the echogram’s timestamps, corresponding to the reflections of scanning pressure wave, to the elements of pipeline structure.

The use of the pipeline is the safest method in sending oil and gas from one area to another in oil and gas transportation system. The only challenge is to keep the pressure drop in the pipeline as small as possible to avoid high pressure differences. This pressure difference can result in reduced production flow rate and affect the flow pattern in the pipeline. The condition can lead to high possibility of a slug on pipelines that drain multiphase flow. Slug becomes one of the main concerns transport processes multiphase flow in pipelines. The emergence of slug in the pipeline could cause an unstable hydrodynamic conditions will continue to affect the liquid level in the inlet separator and cause flooding in the separator. Some of the conclusions mainly on the diameter of the pipeline, the size of the slug catcher and the size of the separator obtained from the calculation based on the study of literature and simulations with software HYSIS and OLGA. Design slug catcher to accommodate the number of processes that occur in the production transportation of X oil and gas field through a pipeline 10 inches along the 12 km with 20.68 m3 volume of slug using 3 (three) finger with diameter 28 inches and length of 10 meters each. For the separation process of oil and gas in the first five (5) years of X oil and gas field which has a high production of oil and condensate will require separator with 30 inches diameter, seam to seam height of 8.1 ft or 2.5 meters, with retention time for 2 minutes and the 3.2 slenderness ratio of the vertical separator.

During operation of gas pipelines hazards are found that can lead to failure of pipelines, including of gas distribution networks in apartments. However, research on risk analysis of gas distribution pipelines in apartments has not been widely reported. The present study represented a step toward filling in that gap; its purpose was to analyze risks in gas distribution pipelines in apartment scenario using event tree analysis method. Risk factors for gas distribution pipelines are expressed in terms of consequences and probabilities. Event tree analysis involves, first, identifying scenarios, then identifying pivotal events, constructing an event tree diagram, obtaining event failure rates and calculating risk probability. Risk level is rated as negligible, tolerable or intolerable. Results of this study show that all observed risk levels are intolerable. Even in a small-scale leakage scenario, it is likely to result in fire and severe casualties with probability value 2.6x10−3. In order to reduce the risk, gas detectors and heat/smoke detectors should be used in apartments.During operation of gas pipelines hazards are found that can lead to failure of pipelines, including of gas distribution networks in apartments. However, research on risk analysis of gas distribution pipelines in apartments has not been widely reported. The present study represented a step toward filling in that gap; its purpose was to analyze risks in gas distribution pipelines in apartment scenario using event tree analysis method. Risk factors for gas distribution pipelines are expressed in terms of consequences and probabilities. Event tree analysis involves, first, identifying scenarios, then identifying pivotal events, constructing an event tree diagram, obtaining event failure rates and calculating risk probability. Risk level is rated as negligible, tolerable or intolerable. Results of this study show that all observed risk levels are intolerable. Even in a small-scale leakage scenario, it is likely to result in fire and severe casualties with probability value 2.6x10−3. In order to reduce the ris...

Currently, new oil and gas fields are located in deep water, in this view, a problem of secure transportation of the products of these fields from deep-sea water to the platform and shore occurs. Today, one of the widely used means of transportation of oil-gas products are the pipelines. Therefore, the research and prevention of the impact of troublesome cases of multi-phase flow in the pipelines are one of the main tasks. As a result of the studies carried out, it was defined that due to the relief of sea bed in the deep areas of the pipeline and on the curves with R radius of vertical tubes while lifting to the platform, the solid mechanical particles are settled at the bed. In such a case, as a result of pipeline damages, the leakages, which may lead to the elimination of benthos at the sea and pollution of environment, may arise. The paper analyzes the structural forms of multi-phase flow in subsea pipeline, their effect on the pipeline studied and troublesome cases appearing in the riser shown as well.

Globally, landfills are an important source of anthropogenic methane emissions. Regulations require landfill gas be managed to reduce emissions, and some landfills have therefore installed gas collection systems to recover energy and mitigate methane emissions. However, the efficiency of such systems is seldom evaluated. This paper presents the gas collection efficiencies of 23 Danish landfills and suggests how these values could be used to regulate landfill methane emissions in Denmark. Methane emissions from all sites were measured using the tracer gas dispersion method, and gas collection efficiencies were calculated using the ratio of the methane collection rate to the sum of the collection and emission (and oxidation) rates. Gas collection efficiencies ranged between 13 and 86% with an average of 50% – a value lower than for Swedish (58%), UK (64%) and US (63%) landfills. Possible reasons for the inefficiency of gas collection systems in Denmark include shallow gas collection pipes, leakage from installations (e.g. leachate wells, gas engines), low gas recovery due to minimal gas production or a lack of gas collection in active waste cells. It is suggested to use gas collection efficiency to regulate landfills and help them reach a particular methane mitigation goal. Gas collection efficiency that falls below the target mitigation rate would in turn trigger actions to reduce landfill methane emissions. At sites where the quality of the collected gas is too low to operate a gas engine, the installed gas collection system could be retrofitted to a biocover system designed for methane oxidation.

Currently, problems related to the operation and exploitation of safe gas distribution networks are deepening in Latvia and Eastern Europe, as the number of outworn underground gas pipelines is steadily increasing. It should be noted that there is a rather wide choice of technology and materials for gas distribution pipeline reconstruction, while at the same time there is no universal method that equally meets all possible work requirements. Therefore, it is an urgent task to understand the operational algorithm, while choosing optimal reconstruction option, classifying and determining the criteria affecting the choice, and determining the scope of each reconstruction method. For this reason, it is necessary to develop a scientifically based methodology for selecting the optimal method for the reconstruction of outworn gas distribution pipelines. Therefore, there are the following tasks that need to be accomplished: to carry out a complex analysis of reconstruction methods and factors determining the choice of an optimal gas distribution pipeline reconstruction method as well as perform the analysis of current state and development of gas supply network; to develop an algorithm for selecting an optimal gas distribution pipeline reconstruction method based on a multi-criteria approach; to develop a mathematical model for the selection of an optimal reconstruction method and scientifically based complex evaluation procedures taking into account technical and economic criteria; to analyse the interaction of the polyethylene gas pipeline with the steel frame during the post-reconstruction process using U-shaped pipe; to develop recommendations for the optimisation of gas distribution network reconstruction programmes. As a result of these tasks, a scientifically justified methodology for the selection of an optimal method for the reconstruction of the gas distribution pipes has been developed.

A life cycle-based environmental assessment was conducted on the mitigation of landfill gas emissions, by implementing biocover and gas collection along with energy utilisation at aging landfills. Based on recent studies about gas generation at Danish landfills, the efficiency of the mitigation technologies involved and the composition of substituted energy production, 15 scenarios were modelled using the EASETECH life cycle assessment model, through which potential environmental impacts in the category “Climate change” were calculated. In all scenarios, biocover and gas collection systems with energy utilisation led to significant environmental improvements compared to the baseline scenario with no emission mitigation action. Scenarios representing biocovers with methane oxidation efficiencies between 70 and 90 % were environmentally superior in terms of climate change impact – in comparison to scenarios with 20–30 years of gas collection and energy utilisation (collection efficiencies between 40 and 80 %). Combining gas collection with energy utilisation and the subsequent installation of a biocover saw major improvements in comparison to where only gas collection and energy utilisation were in effect. Overall, it can be concluded that a biocover under the given assumptions is environmentally more appropriate than gas collection and utilisation at aging landfills, mainly due to methane emissions escaping through the landfill cover during and after the gas collection period playing a crucial role in the latter situation. Maintaining high methane oxidation efficiency for a biocover throughout the lifetime of a landfill is vital for reducing environmental impacts.

With the increasing demand for oil and gas, the depth of some vertical gas wells can reach 6000 m. At this time, the downhole fluid is in a state of high temperature and pressure, and interpretation of the production logging output profile faces the problem of inaccurate production calculations and difficulty judging the water-producing layer. The drift-flux model is usually used to calculate the gas–water two-phase flow. The drift-flux model is widely used to describe the two-phase flow in pipelines and wells because of its accuracy and simplicity. The constitutive correlations used in drift-flux models, which specify the relative motion between phases, have been extensively studied. However, most of the correlations are only extended by laboratory data of small pipe diameters at standard temperature and pressure and do not apply to high-temperature and high-pressure large-diameter gas wells. Therefore, we improved the distribution coefficient and drift velocity of drift-flux correlations in this study for high-temperature and high-pressure gas wells with large pipe diameters. Therefore, this study improved the distribution coefficient and drift velocity of the drift-flux correlations for high-temperature and high-pressure gas wells with large pipe diameters. In practical application, the coincidence rates of gas production and water production calculated by the new drift-flux model were 12.68% and 19.39%, respectively. For high-temperature and high-pressure deep wells, the measurement errors of production logging instruments are significant, and surface laboratory pipelines are challenging to configure and equip with actual high-temperature and high-pressure conditions. Therefore, this study used the method of numerical simulation to study the flow characteristics of the two phases of high-temperature and high-pressure gas and water to provide a basis for identifying the water layer. Combined with the proposed drift-flux correlations and the new method of determining the water-producing layer, a new method of production profile interpretation of high-temperature and high-pressure gas wells is obtained.

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Vol. 207, 1956, pages 281–287. Abstract Rigorous equations for calculating subsurface pressures in flowing and static gas wells, and pressures along horizontal pipelines are presented in this paper. These general equations, based on the mechanical energy balance, contain no assumptions regarding temperature and can be used with either straight-line or curved temperature gradients. The friction factors recommended in this report are based on an absolute roughness of 0.0006 in. Flow is always considered to be turbulent. Although these general flow equations are solved by numerical means, the methods are as convenient as many of those used today to calculate pressures in gas wells and pipelines. These numerical methods are illustrated for flowing and static columns of gas in wells and for flow in pipelines. The authors believe that the use of these methods will result in more accurately calculated pressures in gas wells and pipelines and that the methods are more flexible than any in use at the present time. Also, the methods are easily adaptable to automatic computers. Introduction The problem of calculating subsurface pressures in gas wells and along flowing pipelines has been studied by many investigators with the results that two widely used methods have been presented in technical literature. One approximates conditions in a gas well or pipeline by assuming that temperature and compressibility are constants for the entire gas column.

11 - Transportation Systems

Chapter 11 - Transportation Systems

In this paper, the corrosion rate in the oil and gas production and collection systems of the Zhanazhol field is investigated. Research work has been carried out at the Zhanazhol field aimed at determining the rate of corrosion in oil and gas production and collection systems, as well as assessing the state of inhibitory corrosion protection. In the course of the study, pipelines and equipment of CDNG-1, CDNG-2 and CDGiK were examined. Corrosion is one of the main problems faced by oil and gas production and transportation systems, especially in the presence of aggressive hydrogen sulfide-containing liquids and wastewater. To combat this phenomenon, the KO-101 and KW-201 corrosion inhibitor is used at the Zhanazhol deposit, which is a complex composition of organic amines with additives and is used to protect pipelines and equipment from destruction. One of the advantages of these inhibitors is their ability to be introduced into the system without altering the technological process. Special attention is paid to the hydrodynamic flow of carbonated liquid, which has a significant effect on the distribution of corrosion through pipelines. Depending on the flow mode (emulsion mode, phase separation of the gas-liquid flow), corrosion manifests itself unevenly. For example, in the case of phase separation, corrosion localization is observed along the lower forming line of the pipeline. This is important because such areas are exposed to maximum exposure to aggressive components, such as the aqueous phase containing H2S, CO2 and O2.Transporting large volumes of produced water together with oil significantly reduces the capacity of pipelines and increases energy consumption due to the increased viscosity of the oil-water mixture. Moreover, this contributes to the growth of the area of corrosion damage in the oil collection system, which in turn affects the efficiency of equipment and pipelines.

Introduction. The aim of this study is to analyze the current state of the Russian Federation gas distribution system, based on statistical material on accidents on gas distribution and gas consumption networks. The problem of ensuring reliable operation and safe operation of systems becomes most urgent in large cities and settlements with multi-stage and branched gas distribution networks, since every year the number of gas pipelines, equipment and fittings that have exhausted their design life increases. The objective of the study is to determine the causes and dynamics of accidents, identify the determining factors, develop an algorithm for quantitative assessment of the risk of emergencies and accidents at the facilities of the gas distribution system. Materials and methods. In the work, proven research methods were used, including analysis and generalization of theory and experience in the field of reliability of gas distribution pipelines, a systematic approach and mathematical modeling were used. Results. The materials on gasification of the territory of the Russian Federation using the methods of system analysis are generalized and systematized. Mechanisms of development of failures in gas distribution and gas consumption networks are considered, data on accidents are analyzed. The review of existing methods of troubleshooting and methods of assessing the state of gas pipelines, gas fittings and gas-using equipment is carried out. Methods for improving the efficiency, reliability and safety of gas distribution systems are proposed. The main results of the study are to summarize and systematize the materials of gas distribution organizations for the gasification of the territory of the Russian Federation using systems analysis methods. Conclusions. The results obtained during the analysis on the state of the accident rate of the structural elements of the gas distribution system can be used to monitor the technical condition of the system, including taking preventive measures to prevent accident incidents.

The purpose of the work is to summarize data on the analysis of the composition of biogas produced at the Streletskoye MSW landfill (Belgorod region) from 2017 to the present in order to assess its average composition and its changes. The composition and yield of biogas was studied in an experimental line of three wells and in four gas collection systems with a total area of 1.75 hectares, built at the site in 2017–2020. According to the results of aeration, the methane content without taking into account leaks ranges from 35 to 70% and is constant for each gas collection field. The practice of operating gas collection systems shows the great importance of sealing the body of landfills to prevent atmospheric air suction. Monitoring of the natural release of landfill gas from the landfill body in 471 wells showed an uneven nature of gas formation at different points, so the installation of individual observation and working gas wells may not allow determining the average indicators for the landfill. Studies of the composition and yield of biogas over a long period of time have shown the stability of the indicators and their dependence only on the technical characteristics of the landfill site. Seasonality has little effect on methane output, so surveys for climatic conditions similar to the Belgorod region can be carried out at any time of the year. The conducted studies showed that GOST 59417-2021 does not allow for an effective determination of biogas potential. To solve this problem, an express survey method is proposed with the installation of temporary wells and determination of biogas parameters using portable equipment.