Abstract
The objectives of this study were to determine the molecular weight of condensed tannins (CT) extracted from mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L) peel, its protein binding affinity and effects on fermentation parameters including total gas, methane (CH4) and volatile fatty acids (VFA) production. The average molecular weight (Mw) of the purified CT was 2,081 Da with a protein binding affinity of 0.69 (the amount needed to bind half the maximum bovine serum albumin). In vitro gas production declined by 0.409, 0.121, and 0.311, respectively, while CH4 production decreased by 0.211, 0.353, and 0.549, respectively, with addition of 10, 20, and 30 mg CT/500 mg dry matter (DM) compared to the control (p<0.05). The effects of CT from mangosteen-peel on in vitro DM degradability (IVDMD) and in vitro N degradability was negative and linear (p<0.01). Total VFA, concentrations of acetic, propionic, butyric and isovaleric acids decreased linearly with increasing amount of CT. The aforementioned results show that protein binding affinity of CT from mangosteen-peel is lower than those reported for Leucaena forages, however, the former has stronger negative effect on IVDMD. Therefore, the use of mangosteen-peel as protein source and CH4 mitigating agent in ruminant feed requires further investigations.
Highlights
Microbial fermentation of feedstuff in the rumen produces volatile fatty acids (VFA) and microbial protein to provide the bulk of the energy and protein required by the host animal
Methanogenic organisms use the H2 produced during carbohydrate fermentation to reduce CO2 to CH4, compounds that inhibit the activity of methanogens are likely to reduce ruminal CH4 production, which has been implicated as a source of greenhouse gases affecting global
Addition of condensed tannins (CT) resulted in a linear decrease (p
Summary
Microbial fermentation of feedstuff in the rumen produces volatile fatty acids (VFA) and microbial protein to provide the bulk of the energy and protein required by the host animal. Because CH4 production has a negative correlation with energy exploitation in ruminants, there have been considerable efforts to reduce its production to enhance VFA and microbial mass yields. Tannins are polyphenols found in many plants (Terril et al, 1992). They can be subdivided into hydrolysable tannins (HT) and condensed tannins (CT). One of the main features of CT is its affinity to bind and precipitate proteins which are affected by type, molecular mass, structure of tannins (Huang et al, 2011b) and quality of fiber (Tiemann et al, 2008a). Research has suggested that CT suppresses methanogenesis by reducing methanogen population in the rumen directly or via reduction of protozoa population (McAllister et al, 1994; Ngamsaeng et al, 2006; Tan et al, 2011) and decreased NH3-N (Makkar et al, 1997; Sahoo et al, 2010)
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