Abstract
Infections caused by Clonorchis sinensis remain a significant public health challenge for both humans and animals, causing pyogenic cholangitis, cholelithiasis, cholecystitis, biliary fibrosis, and even cholangiocarcinoma. However, the strategies used by the parasite and the immunological mechanisms used by the host have not yet been fully understood. With the advances in technologies and the accumulated knowledge of host-parasite interactions, many vaccine candidates against liver flukes have been investigated using different strategies. In this review, we explore and analyze in-depth the immunological mechanisms involved in the pathogenicity of C. sinensis. We highlight the different mechanisms by which the parasite interacts with its host to induce immune responses. All together, these data will allow us to have a better understanding of molecular mechansism of host-parasite interactions, which may shed lights on the development of an effective vaccine against C. sinensis.
Highlights
Clonorchis sinensis is a liver fluke that is endemic to some parts of Asia: China, South Korea, northern Vietnam, and eastern Russia (Tang et al, 2016)
The in vitro stimulation of splenic lymphocytes (SLC) and mesenteric lymph node cells (MLNC) of rats infected with C. sinensis with mitogen phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), C. sinensis excretory-secretory products (ESPs), C. sinensis crude antigen, and Anisakis larvae antigen revealed that the C. sinensis ESPs and crude antigen could potently induce the proliferation of lymphocyte and the lymphocyte proliferation in MLNC was higher than that in SLC (Quan et al, 2002). These results suggest that the vaccine candidate that may induce the increase in the gastrointestinal immune response could provide a strong immune response against C. sinensis
Zhao et al showed that the C. sinensis adult-derived proteins (CsTPs) supressed the maturation of bone marrow-derived Dendritic Cells (BMDC) caused by LPS via Mannose receptors (MR) in vitro and promoted differentiation of naive T cells into Th2 cells presented by Bone Marrow-Derived Dendritic cells (BMDCs) and secretion of the type 2 cytokines such as IL-13 and IL-4 (Zhao et al, 2018)
Summary
Clonorchis sinensis is a liver fluke that is endemic to some parts of Asia: China, South Korea, northern Vietnam, and eastern Russia (Tang et al, 2016). When the presence of C. sinensis is confirmed, the treatment consists of the administration of praziquantel (three doses of 25 mg/kg/d praziquantel at 5-hour-interval in 1 day) (Choi et al, 2010). Another option is the use of tribendimidine (400 mg/kg/d per dose), but some side effects have been reported in patients using tribendimidine (Xu et al, 2014). A good understanding of the mechanisms by which the parasite interacts with its host and the immunological mechanisms used by the host to fight against the parasite may shed light on the development of the strategies to control C. sinensis infection. We summarize the current status of immunological understanding of C. sinensis-host interactions as well as the implications for vaccine development
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