Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved cellular process for the degradation and recycling of unnecessary cytoplasmic components in eukaryotes. Various studies have shown that autophagy plays a crucial role in plant growth, productivity, and survival. The extensive functions of plant autophagy have been revealed in numerous frontier studies, particularly those regarding growth adjustment, stress tolerance, the identification of related genes, and the involvement of metabolic pathways. However, elucidation of the molecular regulation of plant autophagy, particularly the upstream signaling elements, is still lagging. In this review, we summarize recent progress in research on the molecular mechanisms of autophagy regulation, including the roles of protein kinases, phytohormones, second messengers, and transcriptional and epigenetic control, as well as the relationship between autophagy and the 26S proteasome in model plants and crop species. We also discuss future research directions for the potential application of autophagy in agriculture.
Highlights
Autophagy, literally meaning “self-eating,” is a highly conserved cellular process for the degradation and recycling of unnecessary cytoplasmic components, including unnecessary proteins, damaged nuclear fragments, dysfunctional complexes, and even whole organelles, in eukaryotes
Macroautophagy is characterized by the sequestration of cellular cargos by doublemembrane structures called autophagosomes, which fuse with the vacuole for digestion and recycling
Autophagy was decreased in mitochondrial alternative oxidase 1a (AOX1a) RNAi tomato plants with increased levels of H2O2 (Zhu et al, 2018), and increased catalase aggregation occurred in Arabidopsis selective autophagy cargo receptor next to BRCA1 gene 1 mutants under heat stress (Zhou et al, 2014b)
Summary
Literally meaning “self-eating,” is a highly conserved cellular process for the degradation and recycling of unnecessary cytoplasmic components, including unnecessary proteins, damaged nuclear fragments, dysfunctional complexes, and even whole organelles, in eukaryotes. It has been recently reported that plant SnRK1 activates autophagy via inhibition of the TOR signaling pathway or direct activation of ATG proteins.
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