Molecular identification and Anticandidal Activity Assessment of Desmodesmus subspicatus Against Multidrug-Resistant Candida Isolates from Intensive Care Units

The development of antibiotic resistant bacteria causes many harmful effects on human and animal lives. In developing countries many expensive synthetic drugs are being used to cure diseases but they have many side effects. Therefore, there is need to develop new strategies to control microbial infections. Therefore, we decided to work on extracts of different parts of Ficus carica which have good activity against gram positive bacteria, gram negative bacteria and fungal species. Methanol and chloroform extracts of root, stem, leaves and fruits were prepared and zone of inhibition was measured by using well diffusion method against gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) two gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus) and two fungal species Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus oryzae. methanol extract of leaves has high % yield (5.86%) and high zone of inhibition (23mm) against bacteria Escherichia coli and fungus Aspergillus niger (34mm). Bacteria Staphylococcus aureus was highly sensitive to chloroform extract with zone of inhibition 74mm while Escherichia coli was highly sensitive to metabolic extract with zone of inhibition 82mm. Chloroform extract has average zone of inhibition (56mm) and methanolic extract has average zone of inhibition (63mm).

ABSTRACTObjective: Candida albicans is a part of the normal flora of the mouth in diabetes mellitus (DM) patients. Periodontitis is one of the main complicationsin diabetic patients. Mechanical and chemical plaque control are the most productive methods in preventing periodontal diseases in the oral cavity.The objective of this study is to compare the in vitro effect of herbal mouthwashes and chlorhexidine (CHX) against C. albicans.Methods: Saliva samples were obtained from diabetic patients reporting for treatment to Saveetha medical college. C. albicans was cultured from thesalivary sample. A yeast suspension was made by sub culturing the C. albicans. The mouthwashes used in the study are HiOra regular (0.2%), HiOrasensitive (0.5%), and clohex plus (CHX gluconate 0.02%) mouthwashes. The fungal suspension was spread on Sabouraud’s dextrose agar (SDA) plateswith a sterile swab. Subsequently, wells of 6 mm in diameter were made with a suitable distance using sterile cork borer on pre-inoculated agar platesand filled with 100 µl of each mouthwashes. From the zones of inhibition seen, antimicrobial activity was expressed in terms of average diameter ofthe zones of inhibition measured.Results: Using HiOra regular mouthwash, 13/18 (72%) wells were found to show zone of inhibition ≥20 mm. In HiOra sensitive mouthwash, only9/18 (50%) showed inhibition zone ≥20 mm. With effect of regular CHX mouthwash, none of the strains showed the zone of inhibition to be ≥20 mm.Most of the strains responded well with all the three mouthwashes.Conclusion: Among the 2 herbal mouthwashes, HiOra regular mouthwash was most effective in inhibiting the candidal growth when compared tothe HiOra sensitive. HiOra regular mouthwash still showed better inhibitory actions when compared to the regular CHX mouthwash and the candidalspecies showed increased sensitivity to it.Keywords: Candida albicans, Chlorhexidine mouthwash, Diabetes mellitus, Herbal mouthwashes, Zone of inhibition.


 Candida albicans is a pathogenic fungal species from the deuteromycota group. This fungal species is the cause of opportunistic infections called candidiasis of the skin, mucosa, and internal organs of humans. Traditionally, red ginger extract (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum) has been used for various ingredients such as increasing endurance, overcoming inflammation, coughs, wounds, and allergies due to insect bites. This study aims to test the effectiveness of red ginger extract (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum) against the fungus Candida albicans and to determine the concentration of inhibition of red ginger extract (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum) which can inhibit the growth of Candida albicans. This research method uses experimental methods and The design of this study was Completely Randomized Design with 4 treatments and 6 repetitions. The data analysis technique used ANOVA analysis of variance to examine the differences between more than two groups. The concentrations used in this study were 25%, 50%, and 100%, and the negative control used DMSO. Based on the results of the research with a test level of 1% that the red ginger extract (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum) on the growth of the fungus Candida albicans gave a very significant effect because Fcount > Ftable (78.325>3.10) against the fungus Candida albicans so Ha was accepted, H0 was rejected. The highest average inhibition zone in this study was at a concentration of 100% with a value of 13.14, the average 50% inhibition zone resulted in a value of 11.19 mm and the lowest average inhibition zone was at a concentration of 25% with a value of 9.77 mm. This shows that red ginger extract (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum) has an effect on the growth of the fungus Candida albicans. As for the results of the Duncan's Real Distance Difference Test (BJND) at the treatment concentrations P0, P1, and P3 there were real differences at distances 1, 2 and 3 which were significantly different

Focuses on its high values, coconut product; nutritional and health benefits have currently been attributed to its intake, antioxidant and anticancer properties. This research study is aimed at evaluating the phytochemical content of coconut (Cocos nucifera) oil and determines the susceptibility pattern against some selected microbes. The findings revealed that it contained phytochemicals; alkaloid, glycosides, resins, saponins, tannins and terpenoid. Subjected to susceptibility testing on some bacterial and fungal; agar diffusion method was being applied and inhibition zones which indicated its antimicrobial properties. Assay of antibacterial activity of standard bacteria organisms showed that Staphyloccus aureus had the highest susceptibility to coconut oil while Pseudomonas aeroginosa had the least, Candida albicans had a higher susceptibility to coconut oil more than Aspergillus fumigatus in antifungal testing. This was concluded from their average zones of inhibition; 14.55mm (32%) for Staphylococcus aureus, 12.1 mm (27%) for Streptococcus pneumonia, 10.95 mm (24%) for Escherichia coli and 7.7 mm (17%) for Pseudomonas aeroginosa. And for the fungal are 18.5mm (55%) for Candida albicans and 15.1mm (45%) for Aspergillus fumigatus. The utilization of coconut oil should be promoted as a functional food in Nigeria and the use of coconut seed flesh in our diets should be encouraged for health supporting functions and considered to be responsible for the many benefits attributed to its consumption.

Medicinal plants serve as important raw materials in the development of new drugs. This study combined two extracts of mangosteen and pomegranate in different proportions and determined its effect against four fungi species (Candida albicans, Candida guilliermondii, Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Aspergillus niger). Experimental research utilizing randomized complete blocking design was used. There were 186 plates of which only 98 were valid. Treatments consisted of the different concentrations of the individual extract (100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, etc.) and combined fruit extract (90%:10%, 80%:20%, 70%:30%, etc. pomegranate: mangosteen). The zone of inhibition is the measure used in determining the growth inhibiting effect of the different treatments. Biosafety Clearance was complied. Results revealed that all ten concentrations of the mangosteen and the pomegranate extract possessed antifungal effect against Candida albicans and Candida guilliermondii. The 100 percent concentration demonstrated the largest zone of growth inhibition. None of the given concentrations of the extract demonstrated antifungal effect against Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Aspergillus niger. When both fruit extracts were combined to determine its synergistic effect, the 90 and 10 percent pomegranate: mangosteen combination exerted the best activity demonstrating a 33 mm zone of inhibition (ZOI) against Candida albicans which is comparable to the zone of inhibition exhibited by the Fluconazole against the same fungus. For Candida guilliermondii, all combinations were effective against the fungus. The combined extract is better than the pure ones. Researchers may try other possible methods of extraction, use other parts of the plants or solvents that can effectively extract active components.

Background: Red betel leaf (Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav) is a traditional medicinal plant that contains active compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, and essential oils that have potential as antimicrobials. Objective: This study aims to determine the effectiveness of ethanol extract of red betel against microbial growth. Methods: The research was conducted experimentally using the disc diffusion method on agar media with concentrations of 80%, 90% and 100%. The dependent variable was microbial inhibition. Several antibiotics and antifungals were used as positive controls, while distilled water was used as negative control. Results: The results showed that the average inhibition zone against Staphylococcus aureus at concentrations of 80%, 90% and 100% were 26,96 mm, 28,69 mm and 30,1 mm respectively with a positive control of tetracycline of 28.1 mm. In Escherichia coli it was 12,66 mm, 14,13 mm and 15,17 mm respectively with positive control of amoxicillin of 22.16 mm. Pseudomonas aeruginosa produced inhibition zones of 12,7 mm, 14,5 mm and 15,78 mm respectively with a positive control of chloramphenicol of 6.95 mm. In Klebsiella pneumoniae it was 13,47 mm, 14,81 mm and 16,05 mm respectively with ampicillin positive control of 6,22 mm. On Candida albicans, the zones of inhibition were 9,77 mm, 11,26 mm and 12,32 mm, respectively, with a positive control of ketoconazole of 29.95 mm. The zones of inhibition of antibiotics and comparative antifungals varied, some producing larger diameters than the extract, while others were lower. The negative control showed no inhibitory activity. Conclusion: It was concluded that the ethanol extract of red betel was able to inhibit some microbial growth according to the Indonesian Pharmacopoeia VI Edition standard of 14-16 mm.

Background: Staphylococcus aureus is a pathogen most of which develop into Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. To prevent bacterial resistance, herbal medicine is needed. Mango plants have secondary metabolite compounds that can inhibit bacterial growth. Gedong gincu mango is a specific mango variety that grows widely in Cirebon district. There has been no research that knows the secondary metabolite content and its potential as an antibacterial, especially the peel part which only becomes waste. Aims: To find out the chemical compounds contained and determine the potential of mango peel extract (Mangifera indica L.) var. gedong gincu in inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. Methods: This research is an experimental with a posttest only control group design. Phytochemical screening test employed a qualitative method. The extract was made using the maceration method with 70% ethanol solvent. Antibacterial testing with well diffusion method, and given four treatment concentrations (W/V), namely 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%. The measurement on the inhibitory zone after 24 hours at temperature of 370C. Results: Gedong gincu mango peel extract contains secondary metabolite compounds flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and steroids. The inhibitory activity of gedong gincu mango peel extract with a concentration of 25% gedong gincu mango peel extract has an average inhibition zone of 11,55 mm, 50% average inhibition zone 13,55 mm, 75% average inhibition zone 14,88 mm, and 100% average inhibition zone 16,22 mm in inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus p(<0.05). Conclusion: Mango peel extract var. gedong gincu with a concentration of 25% has the potential to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.

Aim Candida albicans can cause two major types of infections: superficial infections (such as oral or vaginal candidiasis) as well as life-threatening systemic infections, and Aloe vera extract is one of the potentially useful therapeutic options. The aim of this study was to determine antifungal properties of Aloe vera ethanol extract on vulvovaginal candidiasis caused by Candida albicans. Methods Aloe vera ethanol extract was prepared by the maceration method with 70% ethanol and dissolved in DMSO into multiple concentrations (6.25%, 12.5%, 25%, and 50%). Candida albicans was cultured in Sabouraud dextrose agar for 72 hours and disc diffusion method was used to evaluate the inhibitory effect of each concentration in comparison with fluconazole. Zones of inhibition at 72 hours were measured and documented, then analysed to get the mean inhibition zone (MIZ). Results After 72 hours, all concentrations of Aloe vera ethanol extract showed inhibition effect against C. albicans with mean inhibition zones of each concentration, 12.450±0.208 mm (6.25%), 13.975±0.457 mm (12.5%), 15.650±0.420 mm (25%), and 17.225±0.512 mm (50%), respectively. Fluconazole revealed comparable antifungal effect with MIZ of 11.025±0.478 mm. Oneway ANOVA test showed a significant effect of Aloe vera ethanol extract on inhibition zone of Candida albicans growth (p<0.005). Conclusion Aloe vera ethanol extract possesses concentration dependent activity against Candida albicans that is comparable with standard antifungal agents.

A total of 24 strains of the Mycobacterium fortuitum complex were tested for susceptibility to antimicrobial agents by the disk diffusion and agar dilution techniques. By comparing zones of inhibition obtained with the disk diffusion technique with results of minimal inhibitory concentration determinations, it was shown that disk diffusion results could predict in vitro susceptibility to selected antimicrobial agents. All of 17 strains of M. fortuitum were susceptible to </=1 mug of amikacin per ml. The corresponding average zone of inhibition around a 10-mug amikacin disk was 37 mm. Seven M. chelonei strains were more resistant to amikacin, with minimal inhibitory concentrations ranging from 1 to 32 mug/ml, and the corresponding average zone size was 21 mm. Susceptibility of both M. fortuitum and M. chelonei to tetracycline was variable and none of the M. chelonei strains was inhibited by polymyxin B, whereas M. fortuitum strains consistently had zones of inhibition around the polymyxin disk. It appears that identification to species of the M. fortuitum complex may be of importance with regard to antibiotic susceptibility. Separation of M. fortuitum and M. chelonei was readily accomplished in the present study by the nitrate reduction and 3-day arylsulfatase tests.

This study involved extracting the of alcohol extract, volatile oil and alkaloid isolated from Capsicum frutescens L. fruits on Candida albican,. It also involved test a phytochemical screen and determine the percentage yield of the alcohol extract, volatile oil and alkaloid, Capsicum annuum L. was collected from the Karbala City, that approximately 24 hours to extract using Soxhlet apparatus with 400 ml of Methanol Alcohol Solvent in a 1000 ml Flask, and evaporation by rotary evaporation 40C° for drying, and storage at 4C° until use, indicate results that Percentage yield of Alcohol and volatile oils extracted was (3.8% and 4.1%), showing alcohol extract that high positive reaction with used reagent, Alkaloid, Phenol, Glycoside, and Flavonoid, Saponin and tannin. While volatile oil extract revealed positive results for Alkaloid, Glycoside, Flavonoid, tannin and Phenol while and Saponin indicate negative results. The antifungal effects of alcohol extract, volatile oil and alkaloid depended on different concentration, The alcohol extract’s inhibition zone measured 11.12 mm and had a 20 mg/ml concentration, while concentration 40 mg/ml was inhibition zone 12.34mm while concentration 80 mg/ml was inhibition zone 13.65mm, while concentration 100 mg/ml was inhibition zone 15.76 mm, while The inhibition zone of volatile oil extract was 12.76 mm in concentration 0.5 mg/ml, while concentration 0.1 mg/ml was inhibition zone 14.75mm, while concentration 1 mg/ml was inhibition zone 15.76, while concentration 2 mg/ml was inhibition zone 18.65 mm, Alkaloid’s inhibition zone measured 12.34 mm at concentrations of 1 mg/ml and 14.13 mm in those of 5 mg/ml. while concentration 10 mg/ml was inhibition zone 15.98mm, while concentration 15 mg/ml was inhibition zone 20.12 mm. The aim from this study is to determine the best extract (alcohol extract, volatile oil and alkaloid ) isolated from Capsicum frutescens L. fruits on Candida albican.

Indonesia is a country that has a fairly high biodiversity, one of which is red shoots (Syzygium oleana). Red shoots are reported to have strong potential to inhibit the growth of bacteria including Staphylococcus aureus because they contain tannins, saponins, flavonoids, and essential oils. To increase effectiveness in exploiting the potential of red shoot leaf extract, it is made in a practical and easy to use dosage form. One of the effective dosage forms for topical therapy is juice. The parameter of this research is the inhibition of red shoot leaf juice (Syzygium oleana) against the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. This research is a quasi-experimental research (Quasy Experiment). The sample in this study was red shoots leaf juice with 6 repetitions, the number of samples was 24, diluted from the red shoots leaf extract to 5%, the average inhibition zone was 7,33,33 mm, 10% inhibition zone 8 ,17,33 mm, 15% inhibition zone 9 mm and 20% inhibition zone 11.4 mm, amoxicillin positive control and negative control using aquadest. Based on the statistical results of the Anova test, the value of Sig. 0.000 (p= 0.001 &lt; 0.005) which means that there is an effect of red shoot leaf juice (Syzygium oleana) in inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus by diffusion method.

Acalypha wilkesiana Muell. Arg leaf has been used by the local populace for the treatment of skin diseases for ages. Ethanol extract of the dried leaves of Acalypha wilkesiana Muell. Arg was investigated for in vitro antimicrobial activities by agar diffusion and broth dilution techniques using Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi and a dermatitis fungus, Candida albicans. Streptomycin and nystatin were used respectively for the bacteria and fungus as standard drugs. The various concentrations of the extract, 6.0, 6.2 and 6.4g were formulated into cetomacrogol, zinc creams and emulsifying wax ointment and the testing of the efficacy of the creams and ointment was carried out. The zones of inhibition (mm) of the extract on the growth of the microorganism were Staphylococcus aureus (30.0 ± 0.1), Bacillus subtilis (16.0 ± 0.2), Escherichia coli (25 ± 0.1), Salmonella typhi (no zone of inhibition), Candida albicans (32.2 ± 0.2). Acalypha wilkesiana cetomacrogol cream showed better antimicrobial activity than the zinc and emulsifying wax ointment. When compared with the standard drugs in vitro both cetomacrogol and zinc creams were effective on Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Candida albicans except the emulsifying wax ointment which had the least zone of inhibition because of the occlusive effect of paraffin on its diffusion rate. This study revealed that the dried leaves of ethanol extract of Acalypha wilkesiana possesses antimicrobial activity and can be formulated into a suitable cream for the treatment of skin infections to confirm its folkloric use.

Background: Musa sapientum is a useful medicinal plant from the Musaceae family. Copper nanoparticles with a high surface to volume ratio can also be used as antifungal and antibacterial agents. The aim of the study is to access the antimicrobial activity of musa sapientum mediated copper nanoparticle against oral pathogens&#x0D; Materials and Methods: Plant extract was prepared by 1g of musa, was weighed aseptically and then dissolved in 100 ml of distilled water. Then the solution is boiled for about 5 minutes at a temperature of about 60-80 degree Celsius and then allowed to cool down followed by filtration of extract. The copper solution was prepared by dissolving 20 millimolar of copper sulphate in 80 ml of distilled water followed by 20 ml of plant extract and then the mixture is placed in the shaker for the synthesis and then allowed to mix for about 1 hour then the first reading was taken using UV spectrum and noted down. Antimicrobial activity was done against the strain of S. aureus, S. mutans, E. faecalis. Muller Hinton agar was utilised for this activity to determine the zone of inhibition different concentrations were loaded in the plates and incubated for 24 hrs 37 degree celsius after the incubation time the zone of inhibition was measured. Antifungal activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles was done against the strain Candida Albicans.&#x0D; Results: For the study, descriptive statistics was used. For 100 μL concentration 11 mm zone of inhibition was seen when compared to the standard drug Amoxyrite which had a zone of inhibition of 36mm, which means that the antimicrobial activity was low in case of E. Faecalis. In C. Albicans, at 100μL concentration 14mm zone of inhibition was seen, but the standard fluconazole had only a zone of inhibition of 10mm, which means antimicrobial activity was good in case of C. albicans which showed more zone of inhibition. For S. aureus, at 100μL 13mm zone of inhibition was seen, the standard value showed 28mm zone of inhibition which means there is less zone of inhibition when compared to standard drug. For S. mutans, at 100μL concentration 18mm zone of inhibition was seen and when compared to the standard value which was 23mm which showed poor antimicrobial activity.&#x0D; Conclusion: The research concludes that musa sapientum mediated copper nanoparticles showed a moderate antimicrobial activity against the pathogens Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans.

One of the causes of infection in acne is bacteria, such as Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus aureus. Kedondong leaves have been used to treat diseases caused by bacteria. The purpose of this research is to: formulate a cream preparation containing ethanol extract of kedondong leaves and assess whether the cream preparation has antibacterial activity against P. acnes and S. aureus bacteria. The research method employed in this study is experimental, involving the following steps: preparation of ethanol extract of kedondong leaves using the maceration method with 96% ethanol solvent, formulation of the cream with a base consisting of cetyl alcohol, liquid paraffin, albumen vaseline, and distilled water. It is made in three concentrations of extract: F I with 10%, F II with 15%, and F III with 20%. Subsequently, the evaluation of the preparation was conducted, including physical stability evaluation, homogeneity, and antibacterial activity test against P. acnes and S. aureus bacteria using agar diffusion method with disc paper. The research results indicate that the cream has good physical stability and homogeneity for 30 days of storage at room temperature. The antibacterial cream preparation containing ethanol extract of kedondong leaves showed antibacterial activity against P. acnes and S. aureus bacteria. The average inhibition zones against P. acnes for formulations I, II, and III were 12.25 mm, 16.15 mm, and 24.15 mm respectively, while for S. aureus, the average inhibition zones were 10.75 mm, 15.45 mm, and 17.55 mm respectively, and the Positive Control (Clindamycin Antibiotic) had an inhibition zone of 30.35 mm. Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that the cream preparation containing ethanol extract of kedondong leaves has inhibitory activity against P. acnes and S. aureus bacteria.

Antimicrobial resistance poses a global public health threat, compelling the search for alternative treatments, especially in resource-limited settings. The increasing ineffectiveness of traditional antibiotics has intensified the need to explore medicinal plants as viable therapeutic options. This study sought to compare the efficacy of certain medicinal plants used in Owerri, Nigeria, for treating pathogenic bacteria against traditional commercial antibiotics. We tested graded concentrations (25 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, 75 mg/ml, and 100 mg/ml) of ethanolic extracts of Awolowo leaf (Chromolaena odorata), Bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina), and Lemon grass leaf (Cymbopogon citratus) against Salmonella spp, Klebsiella spp, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus employing the agar well diffusion method to measure zones of inhibition. Commercial antibiotics studied included: Pefloxacin, Gentamycin, Ampiclox, Zinnacef, Amoxicillin, Rocephin, Ciprofloxacin, Streptomycin, Septrin and Erythromycin, Sparfloxacin Amoxicillin, Augmentin, and Tarivid. Each experiment was conducted in triplicate to ensure accuracy and reproducibility. Results were analyzed descriptively and presented as mean zones of inhibition and standard deviations. One to three plant species exhibited antibacterial activities (zones of inhibition) across 25–100 mg/ml concentrations. In contrast, some or all antibiotics only exhibited antibacterial activities at 100 mg/ml concentration (none at 25–75 mg/ml concentrations). Zones of inhibition (10.3–14.1 mm) of all three plant species against E.coli and Klebsiella at 100 mg/ml concentration were higher than those of 8–10 antibiotics. C. odorata had shown high zones of inhibition of 11.8 and 11.0 mm against Salmonella spp. and S. aureus at 100 mg/ml concentration, which were higher than those of eight antibiotics. The other two plant species (C. citratus and V. amygdalina) had exhibited low zones of inhibition against Salmonella spp. and S. aureus, which were higher than those of 3 or 4 antibiotics at 100 mg/ml concentration. In general, the antibacterial activities of the three plant species across 25–100 mg/ml concentrations were higher than those of many antibiotics. To a large extent, the efficacy of medicinal plant extracts across different concentrations against bacterial strains was higher than that of many antibiotics. Those plant species have therefore shown some potential to be used as alternative or complementary therapeutics to antibiotics in addressing antibiotic resistance. Since the promising findings were based on an in vitro study, we recommend clinical trials to establish safe and effective doses of those plant extracts in humans.