Abstract
BackgroundTurkey is one of the important gene centers for many crop species. In this research, some ancient wheats such as tetraploid and diploid hulled wheats together with hexaploid tir wheats (Triticum aestivum ssp. leucospermum Korn.) landraces mainly adapted to harsh winter conditions of Eastern Anatolian region of Turkey were characterized at agro-morphological and molecular level. Totally 50 hulled wheat population from Kastamonu, Konya and Kayseri provinces and 15 tir wheats from Kars provinces of Turkey were in-situ collected for characterization in 2013. Some quantitative and qualitative traits of each population were determined.ResultsTwenty three hulled wheat population collected from Kastamonu province were distinguished into nine emmer and 14 einkorn wheats at morphological level. Additionally, Konya, Kayseri and Kars population were characterized as einkorn, emmer and tir wheat, respectively. Among the evaluated traits, protein ratios of hulled wheats were strikingly higher than registered cultivars. All the populations were also examined by molecular level by using fluorescently labelled 11 polymorphic SSRs primers. The primers exhibited 104 bands, ranging from 6 to 16 with a mean value 9.45 per loci. The clustering analysis separated the germplasm into two clusters which were also divided into two subclusters based on genetic similarity coefficient. Sixty-five population and five checks were analyzed to estimate mean number of alleles (N), expected and observed heterozygoties (He and Ho), polymorphism information content (PIC), Wright fix index (F), genetic deviation from Hardy-Weinberg expectation (Fit-Fis) and genetic variation (Fst) were determined as 9.45, 0.71, 0.07, 0.67, 0.90, 0.39, 0.87 and 0.39, respectively. A clear genetic deviation from Hardy – Weinberg expectation was observed among population in particular. These results showed considerable genetic variation among landraces rather than within population.ConclusionsThese molecular information has revealed genetically diverse einkorn, emmer wheat and tir wheat population could be used as parents for further breeding studies in both Turkey and abroad. Furthermore, the molecular analysis has also generally discriminated the germplasm into ploidy level.
Highlights
Turkey is one of the important gene centers for many crop species
These molecular information has revealed genetically diverse einkorn, emmer wheat and tir wheat population could be used as parents for further breeding studies in both Turkey and abroad
Farmers living in remote areas of The Lake Van Basin especially in Kars province cultivate mix of hulled wheat and tir wheat, thereby it is commonly called as hulled wheat by local farmers and they are consumed as both food for humans and feed sources for animals, too
Summary
Turkey is one of the important gene centers for many crop species. In this research, some ancient wheats such as tetraploid and diploid hulled wheats together with hexaploid tir wheats (Triticum aestivum ssp. leucospermum Korn.) landraces mainly adapted to harsh winter conditions of Eastern Anatolian region of Turkey were characterized at agro-morphological and molecular level. Monoccocum) and emmer wheat (T. dicoccum L.) grains were firstly found in Cayonu excavation dated back to 6500–7000 B.C. in Turkey [1] This clearly demonstrates that Turkey has a great experience on cultivation of these two hulled wheat species. Leucospermum Korn.) are unique bread wheat landraces especially for cultivation in harsh winter conditions of the Lake Van Basin including Kars province for centuries [2]. Due to their population habit, they have large variation for many agronomic traits and even enough resistance to some leaf diseases [3, 4]. Farmers living in remote areas of The Lake Van Basin especially in Kars province cultivate mix of hulled wheat and tir wheat, thereby it is commonly called as hulled wheat by local farmers and they are consumed as both food for humans and feed sources for animals, too
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