Mold: "tsara'at," Leviticus, and the history of a confusion.

Analgesia and anesthesia: etymology and literary history of related Greek words.

The article outlines the key features of the translation of the word שְׁאוֹל , “Sheol”, from the Hebrew Bible (Masoretic text) into the oldest Greek manuscripts. We take into account revisions of Aquila, Symmachus, and Theodotion from the Origen’s Hexapla. Scholars (e. g. K. Burnett, V. Olivero) often pay attention on the use of Greek terminology in the literature of the Second Temple. Their studies are usually based on methods of religious studies and philosophy. In contrast, we apply textual criticism. Using the philological analysis of the Septuagint, we come to similar conclusion. The concept of Sheol in the Hebrew and Greek Bibles is generally similar. However, it contains an imprint of mythological images of two different cultures. In the Jewish sacred text, Sheol is, first of all, a pit where a person finds his death, an insatiable beast with a huge mouth. Hell of the Septuagint is not a terrible monster, it is the “house of Hades”. In the depths of this Hades appears Tartarus, which is not known in the Hebrew Bible. The idea of Tartarus probably was borrowed from Hellenistic literature. The examples presented in the article demonstrate the translation technique in the use of the Greek word ᾅδης “hell”, equivalent to the Hebrew שְׁאוֹל “Sheol”. These examples show how the theological ideas from the Septuagint influenced on the early Christian literature.

Gothic <i>leiþu</i>, “strong drink; fruit wine?” and its Cognates in the Germanic Languages

MOST people have heard of dragons, mermaids, phoenixes and unicorns, and probably of griffins and basilisks. What is surprising is the number of other imaginary animals that have been written about, and largely believed in, in Europe since the Dark Ages. I have a list, by no means exhaustive compiled mainly from English references and entirely omitting immediate sources outside Europe which contains about 140 names of animals, birds, reptiles and fishes which do not exist in nature, from abath to zitiron and from avanc to ypotryll. I say names, because the number of imagined beasts is only exceeded by the multiplicity of the names that have been applied to them. Frequently one finds several names for what is apparently the same creature, and nearly as often there is doubt about whether a different name denotes a slightly different idea. A monoceros, for instance, may clearly be exactly the same as a unicorn, the two words being the Greek and Latin for 'one-horned'; and a centaur is apparently very similar to a sagittary; but on the other hand all centaurs or onocentaurs are not alike: some have four legs as well as two arms whereas others, according to illustrations, have only four limbs altogether two arms and two hind legs and very much off-balance they look. The names themselves in their English forms often sound outlandish, and of course their derivations may lead one back a good part of the way towards the origins of the animals. To take one of the most familiar of all the dragon: there was a Greek word 'dracon', meaning 'a large snake', which was adopted through Latin into English and used in bestiaries and similar works in the sense of 'snake' from the thirteenth century onwards. Meanwhile the Greek and Latin words had been used, in the Septuagint and the Vulgate, to translate a Hebrew word which may have denoted, apparently, either a desert mammal such as the jackal or a large water-creature such as a whale, shark or crocodile. Perhaps this s 273

Reviewed by: La Biblia Escorial I.I.6 by Enrique-Arias, Andrés Steven N. Dworkin Enrique-Arias, Andrés, ed. La Biblia Escorial I.I.6. Transcripción y estudios. Logroño: CiLengua Fundación San Millán de la Cogolla, 2010. 98 pp +1 CDROM. ISBN 978-84-937654-6-0. A rich tradition of vernacular renderings (romanceamientos) of the Bible flourished in medieval Spain. At least a dozen different manuscripts have preserved Romance versions of the Bible, the largest number in any medieval European vernacular. All but two of these translations are based on the Hebrew Bible and thus exclude the New Testament. In some of the versions derived from the Hebrew text, the Deuterocanonical books follow the text of the Vulgate. These texts were prepared by Jews for the use of both their co-religionists, and for Christian patrons who commissioned and sponsored some of these translations. Although some may reflect earlier originals, the majority of these versions date from the fifteenth century, a time when the Church was not strictly enforcing its prohibition on private ownership of vernacular Bibles. The negative attitude of the Church in the Iberian Peninsula toward vernacular Bibles may explain in part the paucity of Romance Bibles based on the Latin Vulgate. The surviving manuscripts may be but the remnants of a much richer tradition of Romance Bibles in medieval Spain. In addition, vernacular Bible texts constitute lengthy sections of such works as the early thirteenth-century Fazienda de ultra Mar and the Alfonsine General estoria (the latter based on the Vulgate). Romance biblical fragments also turn up in several fifteenth-century texts. Three recent studies by Gemma Avenoza provide an informative description and analysis of the manuscripts that have preserved medieval Spanish Bibles. The Biblical text contained in Escorial Manuscript I.I.6 (also known as I-J-6 and E6; hereafter E6) is one of the two medieval Spanish vernacular Bibles translated directly from the Vulgate (the other being Escorial MS I.I.8 or E8) and is the oldest Castilian vernacular Bible. This copy was executed ca. 1250 and, consequently, is the longest extant pre-Alfonsine Castilian prose text. It is a treasure trove of early Castilian linguistic forms. Its 358 double-columned [End Page 291] folios contain the Old Testament starting from Proverbs, and the entire New Testament. Escorial Manuscript I.I.8 (E8) contains most of the Old Testament material missing from E6, a situation which has led some experts to suspect that both go back to a common Vulgate-based original. The Gospel of St. Matthew as transcribed in E6 was edited by Thomas Montgomery, who subsequently joined forces with Spurgeon Baldwin to publish a well-received edition of the remainder of the New Testament. Over the years various scholars have edited individual Old Testament books from E6, often in journals of difficult access or as unpublished dissertations. Enrique-Arias identifies these editions at page 16 of his Introduction to the book under review, which offers its readers the first edition of the entire Biblical text preserved in E6. Andrés Enrique-Arias is one of the leading specialists in the study of medieval vernacular Spanish Bibles. He is the creator of the website Biblia medieval (www.bibliamedieval.es), which offers, among other features, a transcription of all extant medieval Spanish Bible manuscripts as well as those portions of Biblical books reproduced in other texts, accompanied by the text of the Vulgate and the Hebrew Bible (the latter both in Hebrew script and in transliteration). Enrique-Arias has designed a parallel corpus, which allows the researcher to compare at one glance how a given Biblical passage is rendered in all the relevant Romance versions. Such a tool is invaluable to the textual critic and to the historical linguist who wishes to compare the choice of, say, orthographical and morphological variants, syntactic constructions, or lexical items. Enrique-Arias himself has authored a number of studies of Spanish morphosyntax based on the data found in the Biblia medieval corpus (e.g., Biblias romanceadas, Lingua eorum). In addition to a Prologue by Claudio García Turza and a brief Introduction by the editor, four studies accompany the transcription...

THE first edition of this book was published forty years ago, and the author tells us that it is fully fifty since he began to write it. It is the work of a Greek scholar of wide knowledge and immense reading, as well as an expert naturalist. More, much more, than fifty years ago, he says in his preface, his father taught him that many a Greek word or name of a hero was foreign to Aryan speech. The merchant and the mariner had brought strange words home from overseas, and many a beast and bird and hill and river had kept its pre-hellenic name. Many old names of birds and fish are recorded by Italian scholars from the rich dialects of Italy, and new light is thrown hereby on obscure Greek and Latin words. A Glossary of Greek Birds By D'Arcy Wentworth Thomson. (St. Andrews University Publications, No. 39.) New edition. Pp. viii + 342. (London: Oxford University Press, 1936.) 12s. 6d. net.

A lot of people with disabilities (PWD) appear in the Hebrew Bible (BHS45)). It is because disabilities can neither be avoided nor overlooked in human history. Therefore, their terms could be a public barometer to judge their society’s mass bias or unconsciousness concerning PWD. In this respect, it is of significance to find out which terms are used for PWD in BHS and how they are translated in LXX and recently revised and newly translated Korean Bible versions. The Korean Bible versions chosen for this essay are “The New Korean Revised Version (1998)”, “The Revised New Korean Standard Version (2001)”, “The Common Translation of the Holy Bible (1999)” and “Seong-kyung (2005)” published by the Catholic Bishops’ Conference of Korea.BR The terms representatively referring to PWD are ד󰕒󰘟, שׁ󰕊󰖑, ם󰗥אּ and 󰖙󰘘󰘫 in BHS. In LXX they are usually translated as τνΦλός for ד󰕒󰘟, κωΦός for שׁ󰕊󰖑 and χωλός for 󰖙󰘘󰘫. However, ם󰗥אּ is translated into various words like δύσκωΦος, μογιλάλος, ἄλαλος, κωΦός or ἐνϵός rather than a specific word. As shown, each Hebrew term is quite regularly translated into Greek words like τνΦλός, κωΦόςand χωλός in LXX except ם󰗥אּ. The Hebrew terms are usually translated as “the blind, the dumb, the deaf, and the lame” in English versions like the KJV, NRSand NIV.BR This essay seeks to compare the four Hebrew terms for the PWD in BHS and their translations into Greek words in LXX and various Korean Bible versions mentioned above, and to find out their alternatives. It is noticeable that their titles in Korean versions are translated into more neutral and sound designations than in older Korean versions of the Bible. However, this essay points out that there’s more to be done, and alternatively proposes to align these terms in the Old Testament according to the terms used in The Act on Welfare of Persons with Disabilities (1990), and to adopt the terms 시각 장애인, 언어 장애인, 청각 장애인 and 지체 장애인 for the four Hebrew terms studied in this paper. The language of the Bible is very powerful and influential to Bible readers because it is God’s Word. Therefore the terms or titles for the PWD are to be revised to words with sound, neutral meaning and nuance according to the spirit and fashion of our times. It is carefully proposed that the translations are to be neutral and non-prejudiced at any case.

A Review of Call Me by Your Name, Courtesy of Philology 101 JUSTIN HUDAK The title of Luca Guadagnino’s latest film derives from the first half of the climactic line whispered in bed by a 24-year-old Classics graduate student named Oliver (played by Armie Hammer) to his professor’s 17-year-old son, Elio Perlman (played by Timothée Chalamet). Conjoined to the titular phrase “Call me by your name” is a promise: “and I’ll call you by mine.” Reviewers have said next to nothing about these eleven monosyllables, about this pair of five-word phrases made up of 16 letters apiece, balanced upon the fulcrum of an unassuming conjunction, and uttered at the midpoint of a drama about that greatest and most mysterious conjunction that we call love. But these words both require and repay our close attention. The idea of reciprocity is perfectly easy to understand (“Call me . . . and I’ll call you”). Less readily apparent, however, is the aptness of the rhetorical figure in which this idea is couched: “me by your . . . you by mine” constitutes a chiasmus. It is not the film’s first such figure, for the two lovers are introduced by an interlocking of words which, though formulaic, is nevertheless wonderfully prophetic of the embrace that will come later: “Elio, Oliver; Oliver, Elio,” says Professor Perlman (played by Michael Stuhlbarg). Oliver is already, at this early stage, inside Elio; at the same time, E-L-I-O is already, anagrammatically, inside O-L-I-v-E-r. More complicated is the chiasmus contained within Oliver’s hendecasyllable: syntactically speaking, it casts each lover in the dual role of posLuca Guadagnino, director, Call Me By Your Name. P. Spears and H. Rosenman, producers (United States: Sony Pictures Classics, 2017). Based on the novel by André Aciman. arion 26.2 fall 2018 sessing subject (“your,” “mine”) and object possessed (“me,” “you”). Of course, for the characters themselves the pleasure of this much-delayed climax is more tactile than syntactic. Only when the film’s titular line is uttered do the interlocutors lock limbs and consummate their hitherto platonic relationship . If such complexities seem more appropriate to literature than to film, perhaps that is because they are in this case. Like its title, Guadagnino’s film is itself but part of a larger whole, the cinematic response to a literary call made a decade earlier by André Aciman’s novel of the same name. But the book and the movie are not the only things that share a name: so, too, do the characters whose love they chronicle. How so? To invoke another of Oliver’s lines, “I’m going to talk etymology, so just bear with me a second.” The name “Oliver” derives from the Latin oliva (olive tree), while the name “Elio” bears an uncanny resemblance to this Latin word’s ancient Greek counterpart elaia, which via itacism becomes the modern Greek elia. We would perhaps be justified in regarding this correspondence as a mere coincidence, were it not for Oliver’s own keen interest in etymology. In a scene from the movie based very closely upon an episode in Aciman’s novel, Oliver expounds thus upon the history of the word “apricot”: [M]ost Latin words do find their origins in Greek words. However, in the case of “apricot” it’s a little bit more of a complicated journey. . . . Here, the Greek actually takes over from the Latin, the Latin word being praecoquum or praecoquere, so “to precook” or “pre-ripen,” as you know, “to be precocious or premature.” And the Byzantines, to go on, then borrowed praecox, which became prekokkia, which then became berikokki, which is how the Arabs got al-birquq. This bravura performance elicits awed silence, which the young scholar breaks with the casual remark, “Courtesy of Philology 101.” Disregarding the fact that most Latin words do not find their origins in Greek words (a myth we can only hope was dispelled in Philology 102), we would do well to consider how this claim relates to the lovers: the precocious 152 a review of CALL ME BY YOUR NAME Elio (whose name is rooted in Greek) actually...

Kosmesis Design (from the Greek words, kosmos «rule, decoration» and kosmesis «adorn»): is the totality of eco-nomica-logical, ethical actions with aesthetic value, aimed at the cultural development of the territory, resulting from the research project LANDesign®. Design surveys and products, enter into a relation with fashion, cosmetics, architecture, culture “to build new experiences with art and heritage towards an awareness of the protection of the creative expressions of civilizations”. The kosmetic approach is linked to other styles: korporeo (from the Latin words, corporeus, der. from corpus -poris «body»), karismatico (from the Greek word, kharisma, der. from kharis «grace»), kostruttivo (from the Latin words, der. constructivus, past participle of construere «build») and kreativo (from Latin words, create from the Sanskrit origin KAR-TR «he who does»). The letter “K” whose origins derive from the Phoenician alphabet and meaning palm, appears as the first letter in each style. This research is aimed to broaden views and begin relations like La main ouverte of Le Corbusier as a symbol of “ouverte pour recevoir, ouverte pour donner” to give and take.

Intermediate Biblical Hebrew: An Illustrated Grammar

In Western medicine, the long history of the ear syringe dates back at least to the end of the 1st millennium BCE; but the corresponding Ancient Greek word surinx designates another tool. Other Greek and Latin words and phrases, in particular auricular clyster, otenchytes, and pyoulcos, were known as names of the ear syringe until modern times. The aim of this article is to study the Greek and Latin words and phrases referred to as names of the ear syringe up until modern times before syringe became the standard word. Historical and philological review of ancient Greek and Latin medical literature dealing with the subject. Careful reading of ancient medical texts mentioning these tools shows a variety of shapes and uses: beside the piston-driven syringe, the system of a bladder attached to a catheter remained in use throughout Antiquity; the otenchytes, being a piston-driven syringe, obviously was not used to squirt the liquid when the remedy put inside was warmed by a flame; the piston-driven pyoulcos is most likely of greater size, and never linked with ear care in Antiquity. Latin auricular clyster and Greek otenchytes and pyoulcos, in the few ancient texts in which they occur, designate tools of a large variety of shapes and uses, significantly different from Heron's description of piston-driven pyoulcos.

Although it is sometimes argued that Latin loanwords were simply accented like Greek words, the reality was more complicated. We have evidence from the grammarian Herodian (via the epitome of pseudo-Arcadius) that Latin words sometimes had different accents from Greek words with the same terminations. There is also an accented papyrus showing a Latinate accent on a loanword. But Herodian also tells us that some Latin words did change their accents in Greek; there is no hard-and-fast rule for predicting which these were, and all available evidence must be examined on a case-by-case basis.

Pharmacovigilance: the word is derived from one Greek word 'Pharmakon' which means 'Drug' and one Latin word 'Viigilare' which means “To keep watch awake or alert'. Pharmacovigilance becomes a very important discipline of clinical science now a days but still a long way to go to play an important role in health sector of India by overcoming the barriers, challenges and drawbacks. World Health Organization (WHO) defines Pharmacovigilance as Drug safety, is the pharmacological science relating to the collection, detection, assessment, monitoring, and prevention of adverse effects with pharmaceutical products [1].

“One, who climbs the grammar tree, distinctly knows where noun, verb and participle grow.” – Dryden (1635). In the teaching-learning of a language, grammar occupies an important place. It helps the teacher to master the language well. It is also of great help to the learners. The English word grammar has come from the Greek word 'grammar' meaning a 'LETTER.' In classical Greek and the Latin word 'grammar' is referred to the general study of literature and language. From the 17th century onwards two meanings have been compared with each other in English. In 1605 Francis Bacon wrote concerning speech and words", the consideration of them produced the science of grammar ' while in 1637 Ben Johnson writes, " the grammar is the art of true and well speaking language." Then Bacon has told that 'grammar' is a science, a study of set of phenomena; but for Johnson, grammar is an art, the skill or technique of speaking well. Then L. Murray has written about grammar in 1824 English grammar is the art of speaking and writing the English language with propriety.'

The pathology of bunions