Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is characterized by an early depletion of the mucosal associated T helper (CD4+) cells that impair the host immunity and impact the oral and gut microbiomes. Although, the HIV-associated gut microbiota was studied in depth, few works addressed the dysbiosis of oral microbiota in HIV infection and, to our knowledge, no studies on intervention with prebiotics were performed. We studied the effect of a six-week-long prebiotic administration on the salivary microbiota in HIV patients and healthy subjects. Also, the co-occurrence of saliva microorganisms in the fecal bacteria community was explored. We assessed salivary and feces microbiota composition using deep 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequencing with Illumina methodology. At baseline, the different groups shared the same most abundant genera, but the HIV status had an impact on the saliva microbiota composition and diversity parameters. After the intervention with prebiotics, we found a drastic decrease in alpha diversity parameters, as well as a change of beta diversity, without a clear directionality toward a healthy microbiota. Interestingly, we found a differential response to the prebiotics, depending on the initial microbiota. On the basis of 100% identity clustering, we detected saliva sequences in the feces datasets, suggesting a drag of microorganisms from the upper to the lower gastrointestinal tract.
Highlights
The oral microbiome was established along evolution-specific symbiotic interactions with the host, such that the microbiota of the oral cavity plays an important role in pathogen colonization resistance and local immune system modulation, as well as in the entero-salivary nitrate reduction cycle [1]
We verified that the estimated average sample size needed to achieve 90% and 85% power was similar to the real sample size that we had for the groups before and after prebiotic intervention, respectively (Tables S2–S5, Supplementary Materials)
We analyzed 85 salivary samples corresponding to 53 salivary samples at baseline (F1 samples) and 32 salivary samples collected after the prebiotic intervention (F2 samples)
Summary
The oral microbiome was established along evolution-specific symbiotic interactions with the host, such that the microbiota of the oral cavity plays an important role in pathogen colonization resistance and local immune system modulation, as well as in the entero-salivary nitrate reduction cycle [1]. Some studies assessing dietary supplementation with different products, including prebiotics [12,13,14], probiotics [15], bovine colostrum [16], or a combination of different ingredients [17], collectively suggested that these strategies may exert some systemic beneficial immunological effects introducing changes in the HIV-associated gut microbiome. In a previous work [14], we studied the effect of a mixture of prebiotics (short-chain galacto-oligosaccharides, long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides, and glutamine) on the HIV-associated gut microbiota. During this nutritional intervention, we collected fecal and salivary samples from. We studied the interplay between oral and gut microbiota determining the bacterial co-occurrences in both habitats
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