Abstract
Electric Vehicles (EVs) play a significant role in the reduction of CO2 emissions and other health-threatening air pollutants Accordingly, several research studies are introduced owing to replacing conventional gasoline-powered vehicles with battery-powered EVs. However, the ultra-fast charging (UFC) of the battery pack or the rapid recharging of the battery requires specific demands, including both: the EV battery and the influence on the power grid. In this regard, advanced power electronics technologies are emerging significantly to replace the currently existing gas station infrastructures with the EV charging stations to move from conventional charging (range of hours) to UFC (range of minutes). Among these power electronics conversion systems, the DC-DC conversion stage plays an essential role in supplying energy to the EV via charging the EV’s battery. Accordingly, this paper aims to present possible architectures of connecting multiple Dual Active Bridge (DAB) units as the DC-DC stage of the EV fast charger and study their Small-Signal Modeling (SSM) and their control scheme. These are, namely, Input-Series Output-Series (ISOS), Input-Series Output-Parallel (ISOP), Input-Parallel Output-Parallel (IPOP), and Input-Parallel Output-Series (IPOS). The control scheme for each system is studied through controlling the output filter inductor current such that the current profile is based on Reflex Charging (RC). The main contribution of this paper can be highlighted in providing generalized SSM as well as providing a generalized control approach for the Input-Series Input-Parallel Output-Series Output-Parallel (ISIP-OSOP) connection. The generalized model is verified with three different architectures. The control strategy for each architecture is studied to ensure equal power sharing, where simulation results are provided to elucidate the presented concept considering a three-module ISOS, IPOP, ISOP, and IPOS DC-DC converters.
Highlights
Due to high fossil fuel prices, CO2 emissions and other health-threatening emissions, environmental awareness has shown a high interest in Electric Vehicles (EVs) [1]
Talking about the DC-DC conversion stage presented in [1], multiple Dual Half Bridge units are connected in parallel, where the multiport concept at the output side is achieved by selecting different submodule configurations
The merits of the Input-Parallel Output-Parallel (IPOP) DC-DC converter can be highlighted in more accessible semiconductor devices selection due to the low current stress per module
Summary
Due to high fossil fuel prices, CO2 emissions and other health-threatening emissions, environmental awareness has shown a high interest in Electric Vehicles (EVs) [1]. The system is characterized by its flexibility and modularity, allowing multiple EVs to be charged at the same time instant [17] Such fast-charging stations require DC-DC converters of high-power to be designed to achieve high reliability and high efficiency for the system. Talking about the DC-DC conversion stage presented in [1], multiple Dual Half Bridge units are connected in parallel, where the multiport concept at the output side is achieved by selecting different submodule configurations This is done to charge multiple EVs at the same time instant without the need for extra chargers. The charger presented in [34] allows for bidirectional power flow so that it can support renewable energy sources and smart grid applications It is suitable for a high-power fast charger of 400 kW with an EV battery with a rated voltage level of 500 V.
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