Abstract
Electric stimulators with precise and reliable outputs are an indispensable part of electrophysiological research. From single cells to deep brain or neuromuscular tissue, there are diverse targets for electrical stimulation. Even though commercial systems are available, we state the need for a low-cost, high precision, functional, and modular (hardware, firmware, and software) current stimulation system with the capacity to generate stable and complex waveforms for pre-clinical research. The system presented in this study is a USB controlled 4-channel modular current stimulator that can be expanded and generate biphasic arbitrary waveforms with 16-bit resolution, high temporal precision (μs), and passive charge balancing: the NES STiM (Neuro Electronic Systems Stimulator). We present a detailed description of the system’s structural design, the controlling software, reliability test, and the pre-clinical studies [deep brain stimulation (DBS) in hemi-PD rat model] in which it was utilized. The NES STiM has been tested with MacOS and Windows operating systems. Interfaces to MATLAB source codes are provided. The system is inexpensive, relatively easy to build and can be assembled quickly. We hope that the NES STiM will be used in a wide variety of neurological applications such as Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES), DBS and closed loop neurophysiological research.
Highlights
Electrical stimulation was recommended in ancient Roman medical scriptures to treat severe headaches using the electric discharges of atlantic torpedo rays (Largus, 1983)
We present a detailed description of the system’s structural design, the controlling software, reliability test, and the pre-clinical studies [deep brain stimulation (DBS) in hemi-Parkinson’s disease (PD) rat model] in which it was utilized
We introduce a low cost modular electrical current stimulation system that can be used in all of the above-mentioned applications
Summary
Electrical stimulation was recommended in ancient Roman medical scriptures to treat severe headaches using the electric discharges of atlantic torpedo rays (Largus, 1983). Advances regarding psychiatric disorders like obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD; Alonso et al, 2015) or Modular Current Stimulation NESTiM major depression disorder (Schlaepfer et al, 2013) have introduced electrical stimulation as an effective treatment. In all of these applications, electrical stimulation is delivered as either current or voltage driven charge injection into brain tissue through small noble metal electrodes (Tehovnik, 2006; Rattay et al, 2012). Current stimulation delivers the desired charge reliably over time but is inconvenienced by its more complex electronic setup (Nag et al, 2013; Washburn et al, 2014; Ramirez De Noriega et al, 2015)
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