ModuLab: A Modular Sensor Platform for Proof-of-Concept Real-Time Environmental Monitoring

A.V. Aho et al. (Comput. Math. Applic., vol.8, p.205-14, 1982) used communicating finite-state machines to model synchronous protocols for reliable communication across unreliable channels. Their ideas are extended to modeling asynchronous protocols for communication across unreliable channels using finite-state machines communicating via an unreliable shared memory. Lower bounds on the size of machines and the number of symbols in the transmission alphabet required to achieve reliable communication are established. Two types of finite-state machines and two fault models for the shared memory are considered. In each case it is shown that there are robust protocols for deletion and insertion errors. It is also shown that there are no robust protocols for mutation errors. In contrast, in the synchronous case, robust protocols exist for all of these types of errors.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

Robust communications protocols are widely used in safety critical applications, such as aerospace or automotive systems. On-board complex systems, working in harsh environments, are composed of distributed modules with a high degree of interaction and critical tasks replication. Single Event Upsets (SEUs) are very probable to affect these modules and their communications. Robust protocols are usually designed to correct communication data errors, usually due to problems in the physical medium (e.g. noise). They provide robustness in data transmission but fault tolerance is not ensured in the interface control logic. In this work, a study of the SEU sensitivity of a typical robust communication protocol, the CAN bus, is performed. Authors have applied an extensive fault injection campaign in the internal modules of the circuit that implements this standard in order to perform a depth analysis. Experimental results prove robustness is not complete in the control part of this protocol. Selective hardening will enhance this robustness with low extra cost in terms of area or performance.

A robust multicast communication protocol for Low power and Lossy networks

Development of a prototype antenna radiation pattern measurement system using Software-Defined Radio

This paper presents a Web-based data inquiry and real-time control of sensor’s operating mode for structural health monitoring sensor networks. The main objective of the presented system is to provide a Web interface for real-time sensor data visualization, sensor-level damage diagnosis, and control of sensor’s operating mode. Web services are available both on distributed sensor nodes and a data repository machine. Users can request Web pages hosted on the sensor nodes or the data repository machine by specifying corresponding sensor IDs. The ability of directly accessing data on sensor nodes via internet allows users to monitor a structure’s performance in a timely manner. The damage diagnosis algorithms implemented on the sensor nodes help users to assess the structural health conditions without the need of transmitting sensor data to a central data station. The presented system also provides the capability of dynamically changing sensor’s operating mode through the Web interface. This feature greatly enhances the flexibility of the system to accommodate different sensing needs and achieve a long lifespan. The system has been tested in the Laboratory to validate its capabilities.

The Smart Estimation Web App is a contemporary web-based application, conceived with the objective to enhance planning and construction cost estimating productivity and accuracy. Conventional estimation processes involve time-consuming, human-error prone, and labor-intensive data processing. The web app makes estimating easier by combining real-time data, project parameters defined by the user, and advanced computational methods that yield precise material, man-power, and cost estimates. The system offers an easy-to-use interface through which the project managers, engineers, and contractors simply have to enter the project information to receive detailed breakdowns for instant budgeting and scheduling. Responsive design and cloud storage ensure ease of use, scalability, and data security. Finally, the Smart Estimation Web App supports decision-making, reduces project delays, and optimizes resources—consequently, making the construction management more cost-effective and sustainable. Planning construction projects often results in various inefficiencies due to time-consuming, error-prone manual estimation processes, usually leading to inaccurate budgeting and scheduling. The following paper delineates the development and test of the Smart Estimation Web application-a novel, integrated platform aimed at significantly improving the efficiency and accuracy of preliminary construction cost and time estimation. The SEW uses machine learning algorithms trained on historical project data to supply fast, data-driven estimates for key parameters, such as material quantities, labor hours, and total project duration, given certain project characteristics entered by the user-for example, project type, size, location, and structural complexity. It provides a user-friendly, web-based interface for real-time data input and visualization of predictive results for immediate feedback and scenario analyses. Besides, it allows the integration of BIM data, which further streamlines the process of input and ensures the consistency of design and estimation.

Objective: Multi-channel electrical recordings of physiologically generated signals are common to a wide range of biomedical fields. The aim of this work was to develop, validate, and demonstrate the practical utility of a high-quality, low-cost 32/64-channel bioamplifier system with real-time wireless data streaming capability. Approach: The new ‘Intsy’ system integrates three main off-the-shelf hardware components: (1) Intan RHD2132 bioamplifier; (2) Teensy 3.2 microcontroller; and (3) RN-42 Bluetooth 2.1 module with a custom LabView interface for real-time data streaming and visualization. Practical utility was validated by measuring serosal gastric slow waves and surface EMG on the forearm with various contraction force levels. Quantitative comparisons were made to a gold-standard commercial system (Biosemi ActiveTwo). Main results: Intsy signal quality was quantitatively comparable to that of the ActiveTwo. Recorded slow wave signals had high SNR (24 ± 2.7 dB) and wavefront propagation was accurately mapped. EMG spike bursts were characterized by high SNR (⩾10 dB) and activation timing was readily identified. Stable data streaming rates achieved were 3.5 kS s−1 for wireless and 64 kS s−1 for USB-wired transmission. Significance: Intsy has the highest channel count of any existing open-source, wireless-enabled module. The flexibility, portability and low cost ($1300 for the 32-channel version, or $2500 for 64 channels) of this new hardware module reduce the entry barrier for a range of electrophysiological experiments, as are typical in the gastrointestinal (EGG), cardiac (ECG), neural (EEG), and neuromuscular (EMG) domains.

Computational RFID (CRFID) devices are emerging platforms that can enable perennial computation and sensing by eliminating the need for batteries. Although much research has been devoted to improving upstream (CRFID to RFID reader) communication rates, the opposite direction has so far been neglected, presumably due to the difficulty of guaranteeing fast and error-free transfer amidst frequent power interruptions of CRFID. With growing interest in the market where CRFIDs are forever-embedded in many structures, it is necessary for this void to be filled. Therefore, we propose Wisent-a robust downstream communication protocol for CRFIDs that operates on top of the legacy UHF RFID communication protocol: EPC C1G2. The novelty of Wisent is its ability to adaptively change the frame length sent by the reader, based on the length throttling mechanism, to minimize the transfer times at varying channel conditions. We present an implementation of Wisent for the WISP 5 and an off-the-shelf RFID reader. Our experiments show that Wisent allows transfer up to 16 times faster than a baseline, non-adaptive shortest frame case, i.e. single word length, at sub-meter distance. As a case study, we show how Wisent enables wireless CRFID reprogramming, demonstrating the world's first wirelessly reprogrammable (software defined) CRFID.

Recently, experiments showed that the spatial-mode states of entangled photons are more robust than their polarization-mode states in quantum communications. Here we construct a complete and deterministic protocol for analyzing the spatial Bell states using the interaction between a photon and an electron spin in a charged quantum dot inside a one-side micropillar microcavity. A quantum nondemolition detector (QND) for checking the parity of a two-photon system can be constructed with the giant optical Faraday rotation in this solid state system. With this parity-check QND, we present a complete and deterministic proposal for the analysis of the four spatial-mode Bell states. Moreover, we present a robust two-step quantum secure direct communication protocol based on the spatial-mode Bell states and the photonic spatial Bell-state analysis. Our analysis shows that our BSA proposal works in both the strong and the weak coupling regimes if the side leakage and cavity loss rate is small.

RFID is an automated identification technology which can be ap- plied to many environments such as factory inventory, supply chain management, and access control, etc. we find that Chang authentication protocol can be easily broken by eavesdropping on the communication between the server and the tag. Therefore, we further propose a robust mutual authentication protocol which is feasible for the low-cost RFID tags. The authentication problem in the proposed system is divided into two parts: tag authentication and reader authentication. In tag authentication, we verify the accuracy of the tag. In reader authentication, we ensure that the reader used to read and communicate with the tag has not been compromised by an attack. This paper introduces a novel RFID authentication system. Authentication is a one-to-one process, and we aim to verify the authenticity of an RFID tag. The proposed system mainly consists of three components: one or more RFID tags, one or more RFID readers, and a backend server responsible for storing data used to authenticate the readers and/or tags. In the proposed protocol, both the tag and the backend server do not update their secret information immediately. Even an adversary interrupts the communication, the backend server still can recognize the tag in the next time. So, the proposed protocol can defeat the denial-of-service attack.The proposed protocol not only can withstand the security flaws of Chang protocol, but also can ensure the properties of use privacy, unlink ability, and substantive privacy.

The paper presents a method for monitoring and diagnosis of the effects yielded by the non-sinusoidal regime over the voltage transformers operating in a power group. The analyzed schematic structure is presented along with all its components. Information on the designing, construction and implementation of a data acquisition system (DAS) are presented, along with the interface for data visualization and processing. Numerical recordings were accomplished by using the DAS. Waveforms were acquired from the primary winding of the transformer used for excitation supplying, corresponding to a power of the main generator of 280 MW. The recorded waveforms were processed by using the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), respectively the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT). Data processing with FFT revealed a significant non-sinusoidal regime for the currents from the main winding of the transformer used for excitation supplying. Over time they affect the voltage transformers. The DWT analysis also revealed a significant non-sinusoidal regime, accompanied by frequent dynamic regimes corresponding to the above mentioned currents, with a negative multiplication effect over the voltage transformers. The waveforms analyzed in this paper were acquired after the substitution of the voltage transformers. The noticed dynamic non-sinusoidal regimes require the analysis of new measures for their diminishing.

This work presents a use case of building a data visualization interface for open-access repositories. The case in the analysis is the Brazilian Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (BDTD). From the almost 670,000 records of BDTD, one applies statistical methods using the language R. One of the visualization packages of R is called Shiny, which makes it easy to build interactive web applications straight from R. Through the app, a user can visualize data in a fast and customizable way. It could help to keep track of metadata and usage statistics over the repositories and also can be applied to discovering scientific information, such as bibliographic data and lists of specialists in a certain research domain. These data visualization tools can stimulate others to create open repositories and join either national, regional or international repositories networks.

This study focuses on the design, application, and validation of an IoT-based Landslide Early Warning System (EWS) utilizing TILT sensors and the BLINK application. The goal is to develop an educational yet functional system to enhance students’ understanding of landslide mechanics and real-time monitoring for early warning. The system integrates TILT sensors to detect slope movement and slope angle changes. These sensors are connected to the BLINK application, which serves as an easy-to-use interface for data visualization and real-time alerting. The system is then tested in a simulated environment to validate its accuracy. Results show a detection accuracy of 95% for slope instability events, with alerts sent to the BLINK application within milliseconds. Additionally, user trials involving high school students revealed significant improvements in their understanding of landslide triggers and the role of early warning systems. These findings highlight the dual benefits of this system as both an educational tool and a functional early warning tool. By combining IoT technology with hands-on learning, this approach bridges theoretical knowledge and practical application, empowering students to understand and mitigate landslide risks.

This paper presents the system design, algorithms and user applications for the temperature-controlled enclosure calibration and testing processes. The system works as an IoT-based real-time temperature steady-state detection and monitoring system. The main goals of this research are divided into four parts. The first one is to design a networked calibration system that can perform multiple devices calibrating and testing at the same time. The system utilizes Modbus and Internet-based Wireless communication networks. The second one is to study and implement an appropriate algorithm that can detect the temperature steady-state of the temperature-controlled enclosure devices connected in the network. This proposed algorithm, the steady-state detector is implemented based on a low-pass filter and finite-state machine approaches. It is implemented using TypeScript, the strongly typed JavaScript. The third one is to design and implement web and mobile that supported applications used as real-time data visualization and user interface. The application is employed with development languages, including HTML, CSS, and TypeScript. The last one is to design and develop a web-based application to evaluate and deliver a technical report of the calibration and testing. The TypeScript files are exploited for the steady-state detector and applications are transpiled to common JavaScript that can perform directly in all browsers. The proposed system is evaluated in the real-use environment with various possible conditions. The experimental results validate the effectiveness of both system architecture, algorithm and user applications, offering overall performance comparable with legacy manual calibrating, testing and reporting processes. In particular, the normalized error (E n ) between manual and the proposed system significantly different (E n > 1), namely 95% confidence interval, thus widely satisfying requirements imposed by standardization bodies.

This study aims to design and develop a pavement non-destructive quality testing device with the MASW method. Unlike the traditional acquisition techniques that plants geophones on the pavement, the presented approach uses no-tip geophones, placed directly on the pavement surface to preserve its integrity. To proceed, a seismograph using an Arduino Due microcontroller connected to a Raspberry Pi 4 nano-computer was developed. The receivers consist of 6 4.5 Hz GD geophones connected together by a graduated tape to control the inter-trace distance and to in order to acquire data in land-streamer. The recording is triggered by a KY-038 sound sensor. The Arduino acts as an analog-to-digital converter while the Raspberry is used as a real-time data visualization and processing interface. The obtained seismic data has been processed using the Geopsy open-source software which allows the analysis and inversion of the dispersion curves. The studied system has been tested in 4 different sites. The obtained seismic VS and VP velocities as a function of the depth allowed to deduce the elastic properties of the pavement layers and to decide on their mechanical quality with the possibility of integrating the results in the road data banks.