Modelling of Sustainable Transportation Problem for Waste Management Under Two-Fold Uncertainty: A Multi-objective Approach

Urban India is facing huge challenges for coping with the infrastructural requirements of the ever-increasing population. As per the Census 2011, the population of India was 1.21 billion, of which 31% live in cities. The management of municipal solid waste remains a major infrastructure requirement that needs to be improved although in recent years the management of municipal solid waste has been a major environmental issue in all urban areas of our country. Improper and inadequate management of municipal waste causes adverse effects on environment, such as air, water and land pollution along with global warming. Estimation on the quantity and the characteristics of municipal solid waste and its forecasting over the planning period is the key to a successful solid waste management plan. The increase in urbanization and growth in population have revealed the need for sustainable development, and developing innovative solutions to these existing problems and effective management of municipal solid waste is one of them. In this paper, a case study of Shimla in Himachal Pradesh is carried out to know about its existing solid waste management system. The study reveals that the amount of municipal solid waste generated by Shimla is approximately 9.30 MT. This depicts that waste generation per capita per day is 350 gm/capita/day in the city. The waste generated is disposed of unscientifically in open dumps, and also open incineration is carried out, which causes problem to public health and environment. The study includes the parameters of waste management beginning from the sources, collection, transportation and final disposal.

The Polokwane declaration on waste management is to stabilize waste generation and reduce the waste disposal by 50% by 2012 and develop a zero plan for zero waste by 2022 waste generation is an ongoing process which will continue, as long as humans exist. The types and quantity of waste generated in South Africa have however, changed over time often leading to constraints in municipal waste management budgets as this may not have been expected at the time of planning or budgeting. The technological advancement, emergency of affluent communities and rapid urbanization have contributed to the significant increase in waste generation per capita. At times the projected resources for waste management have proven inadequate resulting in poor service delivery by municipalities. This work seeks to make an estimate projection of the future waste quantities and generation rate to present an opportunity to make appropriate financial allocations for future waste management systems. The work demonstrates that at varying recycling rate (> zero) waste reaching the disposal site reduces gradually. The proposed model reflects that with appropriate policies in place, accurate waste management planning and resource allocation can be achieved. Key words: Waste disposal, communities, projections, waste management systems, budgets, technology advancement.

The generation of municipal waste is an inherent activity of society that tends to increase mainly due to human activity, uninterrupted population growth and the linear economy model. Biodegradable materials are the major component of municipal waste, yet natural systems are unable to adequately reincorporate them because they are usually mixed with other materials. Another of society's current challenges is to reverse the constant loss of soil fertility, largely due to the lack of edaphic organic matter, which is essential for the correct "functioning" of the soil and the sustainability of agrosystems, as well as the mitigation of climate change by retaining organic C in soils. Given the global problem of municipal waste generation and management, it is considered convenient and necessary to study and improve the management of municipal organic waste in order to reduce the loss of raw materials, protect the soil, ecosystems, people's health and, in turn, regenerate the climate, and the European Union is increasingly tightening the obligations and restrictions imposed by legislation and establishing more ambitious and restrictive objectives in the Waste Management Plans. Furthermore, in Europe, organic waste represents on average 46% of total municipal waste and, according to the European Composting Network, only 20-60% of total municipal organic waste is collected and treated separately. Evidently, this is a waste fraction with a wide margin of possible improvement where there is a great variety and diversity of successful management models, but not a single option that adapts to all situations. Therefore, an individualized study of each situation is necessary in order to establish an optimal and efficient management. This work, focused on the territorial scope of the Autonomous Community of Euskadi, analyzes the key aspects of municipal organic waste management in order to establish a suitable basis for the design of the most appropriate models for waste management in each area. To this end, after analyzing the regulatory and strategic reference framework and conceptualizing the concept of municipal waste, the current situation and the results of its management are presented, focusing on the different alternatives implemented in the territory. Subsequently, the influence of the selective municipal waste collection systems on the quantity and quality of the recoverable household waste fractions is analyzed by checking the effect of the different municipal waste collection systems on the quantity and composition of the waste. Next, the typology and status of the community composting areas installed in the Autonomous Community of the Basque Country are determined, identifying the factors that affect whether a community composting facility is successful or not. Finally, commercial compost on an industrial scale and compost for self-consumption produced in community composting facilities are evaluated, making a comparison between them. From the results obtained from the first study, it is concluded that implementing a control in the waste input and collection systems, as well as identifying the user, improve the quality results of the different fractions and, simultaneously, reduce the amount of waste diverted to landfill. In turn, it is verified that the training of technical personnel is a key factor in achieving success when implementing a municipal organic waste management system based on community composting. Finally, it has been demonstrated that the compost obtained from the community composting process presented a higher quality than commercial compost. However, in order to support and enhance its dissemination, it would be interesting to address in future studies also social, demographic, political, economic and environmental aspects associated with these practices.

Chapter 3 - A sustainable approach for an integrated municipal solid waste management

Radiation therapy treatment planning is inherently a multiobjective problem, aiming to obtain the best tradeoffs between irradiating the tumor with the prescribed dose and sparing as much as possible the surrounding healthy organs. Many different multiobjective approaches have been proposed for the optimization of radiation intensities for fixed beam irradiation directions. However, multiobjective beam angle optimization is seldom considered. The purpose of this paper is to introduce a new multiobjective optimization framework that explicitly and simultaneously considers the optimization of intensities and also beam directions. Whilst multiobjective optimization of radiation intensities considering a fixed set of beam directions gives rise to a single Pareto front, beam angle optimization gives rise to the appearance of multiple Pareto fronts, each one associated with a given beam angle set. Our framework proposes a beam angle set choice based on the evaluation of non-dominated solutions belonging to different Pareto fronts, using a tree-based approach and a performance indicator to assess the quality of each Pareto front. The proposed approach, illustrated by head-and-neck cancer cases, allows for more flexibility in the calculation of solutions and a better understanding of the existing compromises between different objectives.

This article addresses the scientific gap relating to the limited representation of municipal waste policies in quantitative assessments, as well as their goal to “catch up” economies in the context of SDG 12. The novelty of the paper is defined by the guidelines developed for the consistent logical research of the effectiveness of municipal waste collection and management policies. Herein, a Lithuanian case is considered, with the period of analysis ranging from 2012 to 2023. A review of the scientific literature, an analysis of waste policy, and statistical data analysis methods were applied. The statistical data analysis showed that, while waste generation was historically increasing in parallel with the growth in national income and was therefore inconsistent with the long-term goal to reduce waste, municipal waste, which remains present in a significant amount and makes up one-fifth of the waste structure, is decreasing by 2.0% a year, which is conducive to achieving the goal. An analysis of the municipal waste treatment structure revealed that the priority order of waste management is maintained, as ready-to-reuse and recycling are dominant (accounting for half of all municipal waste management activities), followed by incineration, which accounts for a third of all municipal waste management activities. The requirement to reduce municipal waste disposal in landfills is being successfully implemented. From 2012 to 2023, the proportion of municipal waste disposal in landfills significantly decreased, and it presently accounts for 8.0%, while the target value is 5% by 2030. Difficulties arise in implementing requirements to sort municipal waste and increase the share of ready-to-reuse and recycled waste. In 2023, 66% of municipal waste was mixed, and the share of sorted municipal waste is slowly increasing. A decrease in recycled and ready-to-reuse municipal waste has been observed since 2017. Food waste is a particular issue. A total of 100.9 kilotons of food was wasted in 2023; however, this value is 12.3% less than that of 2020. Other indicators are also analyzed in this article. The results show changes in unsustainable consumption habits and a shift towards responsible consumption in relation to the implemented municipal waste collection and management policy. In the future, it will be necessary to conduct research into the problems that are identified in this article in order to propose scientifically sound and responsible consumption solutions in the areas responding to SDG 12; this will increase the effectiveness of municipal waste collection and management policies.

Pyrolysis and co-composting of municipal organic waste in Bangladesh: A quantitative estimate of recyclable nutrients, greenhouse gas emissions, and economic benefits

Solid waste generation has been a great concern for the developing countries like Bangladesh. Municipal solid waste (MSW) generation is increasing in the mega cities in Bangladesh due to rapid urbanisation and population growth. This study has been conducted in Sylhet City Corporation (SCC), Bangladesh. In this study, data and information including amount of generated waste and supporting facilities for waste management in SCC were collected from SCC authority and different scientific literatures. The objectives of this study were to make a clear sketch of the solid waste management process of SCC including waste generation, collection and disposal of that waste at dumpsite. Impact of this municipal solid waste on environment and different types of living species like human beings, animals and plants were also a part of this study. After analysis, it is clear that this municipal waste has a great negative impact on environment and living species. For that reason, some actions were suggested to be taken to minimise the effect of this solid waste on environment and living species.

Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) plays an important role in sustainable development. The motivation for the present study includes the abysmal state and challenges in MSWM in urban India. The concept of zero waste is a latest one for confounding waste problems of our society. Urbanization contributes to enhanced municipal solid waste (MSW) generation along with unscientific handling degrades the urban environment and causes health hazards. The expansion of urban areas, industrialization and changing patterns of consumption results in increased municipal waste generation which deteriorate the quality of environment, posing risk to the sustainable development. The seriousness of the problem increases in a scenario where natural resources are decreasing, and the traditional system of landfills still being practiced extensively for solid waste disposal. This paper addresses the issue of MSW by taking the case of Jamshedpur. It discusses the present municipal waste management system, new technologies, projected population, and solid waste generation. In an evolutionary approach, it points out the challenges that the sector is facing and makes an attempt to suggest a way forward through new technologies and estimation of value-added products that can be produced from the solid waste...

Solid waste generation has been a great concern for the developing countries like Bangladesh. Municipal solid waste (MSW) generation is increasing in the mega cities in Bangladesh due to rapid urbanisation and population growth. This study has been conducted in Sylhet City Corporation (SCC), Bangladesh. In this study, data and information including amount of generated waste and supporting facilities for waste management in SCC were collected from SCC authority and different scientific literatures. The objectives of this study were to make a clear sketch of the solid waste management process of SCC including waste generation, collection and disposal of that waste at dumpsite. Impact of this municipal solid waste on environment and different types of living species like human beings, animals and plants were also a part of this study. After analysis, it is clear that this municipal waste has a great negative impact on environment and living species. For that reason, some actions were suggested to be taken to minimise the effect of this solid waste on environment and living species.

Waste generation is a result of urbanisation, economic development and population increase. Over the years excess growth in waste generation and improper waste management has affected public health, life of flora and fauna, climate change, and has a significant influence on inhabitants' quality of life. The quantity and complexity of waste produced determine the waste management system in each location, which is also influenced by cultural, climatic, economic and institutional factors. The present paper aims to study the Leh Solid Waste Management System. For primary data simple random sampling has been used and sample includes total number of 100 households from 13 Municipal Wards. Data were collected using schedule and direct field observation. Findings indicate that a: The increase in waste generation is a result of rapid population growth, especially during the summer owning to tourists and migrant labourer. b: Local’s changing lifestyle and behaviour, which call for more packaged and processed goods, have increased dry waste consumption while decreasing time for recycling and reuse. Hence to decrease waste generation and boost treatment, the Municipality of Leh still needs to accelerate the implementation of an efficient waste management system.

The majority of municipal solid waste in Thailand is organic waste including food and garden waste. Improper waste management has caused negative impacts on the environment. This study aimed to find a hypothetical municipal organic waste management scenario with the lowest environmental impacts using life cycle assessment (LCA). The system boundary of organic waste management includes collection and transportation; treatment, including centralized and on-site treatment technologies; and by-product utilization. The two main waste management systems considered in this study were centralized and on-site waste management systems. The first two scenarios take into account all the amount of the municipal organic waste collected and transported and then treated by centralized waste treatment technologies (composting, anaerobic digestion, and landfill). The remaining three scenarios are integrated between 10% on-site (home composting, food waste processor, and composting bin) and 90% centralized (composting, anaerobic digestion, and incineration) waste treatment technologies; the scenario combining centralized (food waste anaerobic digestion, garden waste composting, and incineration) and on-site (home composting) systems yielded the lowest environmental impacts (except short-term climate change, freshwater, and marine eutrophication). On-site systems can help reduce collection, transportation, and treatment impacts, particularly photochemical oxidant formation, which was proportional to the amount of waste or distance reduced. Benefits from the by-product utilization can offset all impacts in terms of fossil and nuclear energy use and freshwater acidification, and result in a negative impact score or impact reduction. This research can be used as guidance for developing countries with conditions and waste composition similar to Thailand for making initial decisions on environmentally sustainable municipal organic waste management.

The article is devoted to the study of the characteristic features of waste generation in the rural areas of Ukraine and the elaboration of the methodology for developing a program for their management. The interpretation of the «waste» category in domestic legal documents is considered. The classification of waste according to various characteristics is proposed. which is based on the analysis of legislative acts, research by scientists and own analysis, The need to classify them according to the place of generation into urban and rural waste is justified, as this will help to take into account the specifics of these territories in terms of waste generation and management when drawing up local waste management programs. The wastes of rural areas are: 1) production waste, in particular from the agricultural industry; 2) domestic waste of households; 3) infrastructure waste of rural settlements. The peculiarities of the generation of production waste in rural areas are that their composition is dominated by waste from the agro-industrial complex (agriculture, forestry, fisheries, and the food industry). The directions of handling them by categories of materials, which include incineration, recycling and removal to specially designated places, is studied. The energy use of these wastes remains insignificant in Ukraine despite the great existing potential. The characteristic features of the generation and management of household waste in rural households are identified, including: the predominance of the organic fraction in the structure of generated waste, problems with the organization of centralized waste collection, the presence of spontaneous landfills, etc. Special attention is paid to waste problems in rural areas related to russia's military aggression: 1) excessive generation of household waste due to a large number of internally displaced wasps persons (hereinafter referred to as IDPs), which rural waste disposal systems cannot cope with; 2) limited capabilities of rural communities in the rapid disposal of waste from destruction caused by shelling. The methodology of developing the waste management programs for rural areas, the creation of which by local communities is a component of the implementation of the National strategy for waste management in Ukraine, is presented. The methodology takes into account all the features of rural areas in the generation of waste and the difficulties in their effective management. A typical structure of the program is presented, which provides for the analysis of the generation and management of waste in terms of waste types generated in the largest quantities. The methodology proposes to highlight directions for improving waste management in two directions: non-energy (reuse, recycling, least desirable – landfill) and energy (transformation of waste into energy carriers), as well as measures for effective management of waste caused by war.

The present study in Kerala aimed to investigate the perceptions and behaviours of 430 respondents towards household waste generation and management.The survey outcomes were used to determine the personal attributes, awareness and perceptions of the people towards solid waste management.Spearman correlation analysis was performed to identify the possible correlation between the personal attributes of respondents and their awareness and perceptions.The results showed that most participants fell within the age range of 20-60; majority of them were graduates having an income above Rs 40,000.Food waste was found to be the predominant type of waste generated, about 65%.Over 50% of the respondents considered waste as a resource.The study also revealed that education plays a crucial role in addressing waste management problems.Almost 85% of the respondents supported imposing penalties for open dumping of waste and 63% supported composting of domestic waste.Respondents showed a growing willingness to act against improper waste management and disposal.Thus, the study brings out the importance of education and awareness programmes in shaping individuals' perspectives towards waste management and reducing waste generation as well as highlights the need for an all-inclusive strategy for effective solid waste management.

Waste management has been a global environmental issue and has been a very significant problem in today’s world. Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) generation in Kanchipuram has increased from 20 tonnes to 80 tonnes per day within the last 10 years. Due to urbanisation, change in lifestyle and food habits the amount of solid waste has rapidly increased accompanied by the change in composition of solid waste. Considerable amount of waste is being disposed without proper segregation leading to both economic & environmental sufferings. The most common problems associated with improper management of solid waste include disease transmission, odour nuisance, atmospheric, land & water pollution, fire hazards, aesthetical nuisance & economic losses. A survey has been conducted among 215 households, where waste has been collected, segregated & weighted by the help of Hand in Hand a non government organisation. It has been done for a period of one month to understand the composition of MSW generated and to find out the per capita waste generation. It is better to segregate the waste at the household level where it is generated rather than segregating it centrally which is cumbersome & expensive. The treatment and disposal has to be designed according to the different streams of waste generated rather than going for a single form of treatment. Appropriate planning and proper waste management has to be arrived and put in place after a thorough analysis of ground reality encompassing parameters such as social, economic, financial, legal, technical and environmental which would result in a holistic approach of solid waste management.