Modeling viscous damping in actuated breast tissue to provide diagnostic insight for breast cancer: A proof-of-concept analysis.

Abstract

This study develops a viscous damping model (VDM) based on Rayleigh Damping (RD) with potential use in low cost, non-invasive breast cancer diagnostics using Digital Image Elasto Tomography (DIET). A clinical trial involving 13 subjects, each with a tumor in one breast, resulted in 13 cancerous and 13 healthy breasts. Displacement data following actuator induced steady state vibration in the breast tissue were captured using the DIET system. Over 14000 reference points on the breast surface were split into four segments and viscous damping constant calculated for each reference point. The VDM was fit to median-filtered data for each breast segment and VDM coefficients compared within each breast. One model coefficient, relating to stiffness, was hypothesized to differ in breast segments containing a tumor. Comparison of " " coefficients in different breast segments using percentage tolerances provided an unbiased, generalizable diagnostic method. Bootstrapping with replacement was used to upsample the data and create smooth receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves. A total of 12 breast segmentation configurations were used to demonstrate the robustness of the method. Fitting the VDM to median-filtered data gave consistent results for one VDM coefficient (" ") across all breasts. The second VDM coefficient (" ") showed diagnostic potential with breast segments having consistent coefficients in healthy breasts. In cancerous breasts " " coefficients were found to be statistically different in segments containing and adjacent to the tumor compared with the segment furthest from the tumor with p<0.02 using the Student t-Test. Large discrepancies in " " coefficients were found to be indicative of a tumor with a 14.5% tolerance resulting in sensitivity and specificity of 76.9%. The optimal breast configuration resulted in an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.81 with sensitivity and specificity at 77% and 72%, respectively. This VDM method enables a computationally simple diagnostic technique using DIET for comfortable breast screening for women of all ages. Regular screening potential allows for tolerance alteration based on age, prior subject-specific results, and other risk factors to manage false positives, reducing psychological harm while optimizing early detection for successful treatment and decreased mortality.