Abstract
A sulfate solution containing 1773.965 mg/L Mn2+, 3216.178 mg/L Mg2+ and 566.254 mg/L Ca2+ was used to perform the maximum recovery of manganese and minimum recovery of magnesium. Carbonate precipitation was used due to the better selectivity for manganese over magnesium and other impurities recovery compared to hydroxide precipitation. Four factors were studied: solution pH value, contact time, reaction temperature and sodium carbonate consumption. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and response surface methodology (RSM) were used to determine the optimum. Under the optimum conditions, the manganese and magnesium recoveries were the highest and the lowest respectively, while the pH, the time, the temperature and the volume of Na2CO3 were the lowest. The values of the four factors were found as followed: 8.9293, 60.69 min, 77.95°F, and 50.7650 mL respectively. Moreover, the recoveries of manganese and magnesium were 99.9799% and 4.3045% respectively. The results show that optimization using RSM is effective in improving carbonate precipitation of manganese.
Highlights
Research on the development of renewable or alternative resources has been carried out in order to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels for years and continues to be carried out
Pereira et al (2014) showed that manganese is used in the cell and battery manufacturing industry, the coloring of ceramics, the catalysis of certain organic reactions
The manganese used in batteries and accumulators has the oxide form, mainly manganese dioxide (MnO2) obtained after calcination of manganese carbonate (MnCO3) from the chemical precipitation of a sulfate solution
Summary
Research on the development of renewable or alternative resources has been carried out in order to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels for years and continues to be carried out. The electric vehicle battery manufacturing industry is developing rapidly and by 2040, the electric vehicle fleet could reach 15.6 million vehicles. Metals such as cobalt (Co), lithium (Li) and manganese (Mn) are the main constituent elements of these batteries, and their productions are increasingly important. Manganese is the twelfth most abundant element in the earth's crust (0.096%), and appears mainly as pyrolusite (MnO2), rhodochrosite (MnCO3), rhodonite (MnSiO3), manganite (MnO (OH)) and alabandite (MnS) (Zhang and Cheng, 2007 a). The manganese used in batteries and accumulators has the oxide form, mainly manganese dioxide (MnO2) obtained after calcination of manganese carbonate (MnCO3) from the chemical precipitation of a sulfate solution
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