Model Women of the Press: gender, politics and women’s professional journalism, 1850–1880

Media coverage is one of the most important goals of the Eurovision Song Contest (ESC). This chapter focuses on the relationship between professional journalists and fan journalists from a German perspective, which has changed significantly over the past 30 years. An interview study conducted among various German professional and fan journalists revealed that professional journalists, who initially saw accredited fans as a nuisance and/or competitors for journalistic resources, now increasingly see their work as an enrichment and draw on the detailed background information published by fans for their own journalistic work. However, the relationship is not untarnished, as the increasing offer of unpaid work affects the possibilities of media professionals to earn money with Eurovision coverage, raising questions on the role of public service and independent journalism.

The role of gender is an important issue in the accounting field, both in practice and in higher education. This study provides a longitudinal analysis of female authorship of articles published in six major accounting journals, three academic journals and three professional journals: The Accounting Review , Contemporary Accounting Research , Journal of Accounting Research , The CPA Journal , the Journal of Accountancy, and Strategic Finance . Articles are classified into 11 different research categories and comparisons of authorship by gender are made across these categories. Results reveal that female academicians are making a significantly greater contribution to accounting research than in the past, both in academic and professional journals, reflecting their increasing representation and acceptance among accounting academics. This study makes a unique contribution by its analysis regarding the factors of gender, research topic area, and practice versus academic journals. The study extends prior gender publication research by examining how female researchers' performance has changed relative to that of males over time.

The authors examined 281 racial/ethnic minority (REM) career‐related studies published in the Journal of Vocational Behavior, The Career Development Quarterly (CDQ), the Journal of Career Assessment (JCA), and the Journal of Career Development between 1969 and 2004. Publication trends, article content and type, samples, and leading author and institutional contributors are reported. CDQ published the largest percentage of these articles (33.5%, n = 94), whereas JCA had the largest percentage (13%) of REM career articles relative to other articles it published during this time frame. There was an increase in the number of REM career articles being published across the years.

Since the emergence and growing popularity of digital technologies and social media platforms, the relationship between professional and citizen journalism has been challenging. In recent years, however, this critical relationship has de-escalated due to a growing collaboration in shaping a complemental news repertoire. This study examines how social and traditional news use and users’ perceptions on professional journalism affect citizens’ news content creation. Based on survey data from Spain, we first find that social media use for news and users’ positive perceptions on professional journalism predict citizens’ news production behavior. Second, social media use for news and traditional media consumption are explored as additive moderators over the relationship of users’ perceptions on professional journalism on citizens’ news content creation, showing a positive significant effect. This study contributes to current conversations on the potential symbiotic association between professional and citizens journalism, arguing that citizens’ perceptual appraisals on professional journalism are key in fostering public’s participation through news content creation.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to critically examine the imagery of flexible work arrangements in professional accounting employment, as presented in the Australian professional accounting journals from 2004‐2007.Design/methodology/approachThe approach takes the form of a critical analysis of discourse in articles in professional accounting journals.FindingsWhile talk of “balance” and “flexibility” is widespread in the professional accounting journals in Australia, accountancy is portrayed as an environment dominated by a “work hard, play hard” culture. Flexible work arrangements are presented as acceptable work practices when they provide a means of facilitating this culture, rather than as an alternative method of working.Research limitations/implicationsThe Australian accounting professional bodies continue to actively portray the long hours culture of professional work (and play) as the foundation of success, despite widespread concern about, first, the long‐term implications of such a lifestyle for employees’ personal wellbeing and, second, the lack of appeal of such working conditions for both existing and potential employees.Practical implicationsDespite the rhetoric of the need for flexible work practices to attract/retain accounting talent, accountants may find that there is limited support within the profession to facilitate career development while utilising such arrangements as part‐time work.Originality/valueThe imagery of the contemporary accounting work environment as presented in the professional journals has not been examined in the accounting literature. As these journals are a primary means by which the profession communicates with its members, they present a good basis for examining how the accounting profession wishes itself to be perceived.

Rapid technological progress, encourage journalism industry contributed penetrated on digitization, with the emergence of the phenomenon of online journalism. In the era of online journalism itself, journalists are required to follow the conditions of the readers in the virtual world, where information is required for fast-paced. But on the other hand , online journalists are also required to have more skills than conventional journalists, where the skills in providing both visual and writing content are also required to be faster and creative in innovating the appearance of news and information in writing in multiplatform. The journalistic skills required for this versatility create problems that arise, namely the professionalism of journalists themselves, in which the process of collecting news, processing, and presenting news is not in accordance with the ethics of professionalism of online journalists. This paper aims to find out how the problems and professionalism of online journalism. The positive impact of the professionalism of online journalism includes being required to be more skilled in the provision of both visual and writing content, as well as being required to be faster and creative in innovating the appearance of news and information. But in addition there are other problems, first about the collection of news that is vulnerable to plagiarism. Second, about news reporting, which shifts the practice of pre-verification to post-verification, and third on the aspect of presenting the news, which gave birth to the title journalism phenomenon. Keyword : Journalistic Digitalization, Convergence, New media, Online Journalism, Online Professionalism Journalism, Digital Communication

"Gaber, Prof. Ivor Harold, Professor of Political Journalism (formerly of Journalism), University of Sussex, since 2015; freelance journalist, consultant and trainer" published on by Oxford University Press.

Journalism education has been subjected to criticism from professional journalists and journalism for years for not doing enough to prepare students for media jobs. Highton (1967), for example, wrote more than three decades ago, Newspapering is becoming a sidelight, if not an afterthought, of journalism (p. 10). More recently, several reports made for organizations of professional journalists have attacked journalism education. For example, Electronic Media Career Preparation Study (Roper Organization, 1987) concluded that broadcast education fell short in providing practical knowledge for real world (p. 5). At about same time, a survey of 1,900 journalism faculty by Associated Press Managing Editors Association found that approximately half of felt there was antipathy or estrangement between themselves and working press. Mabrey (1988), however, concluded: There is no argument that journalism educators, by and large, and editors, by and large, want same thing: young reporters and editors who read, inquire, write, spell, and have an inner sense of cause. The problem here may be in (p. 42). The rhetoric continued in a 1990 study by American Society of Newspaper Editors Committee on Education for Journalism, which concluded: Looking at journalism education through eyes of editors ... one finds signs of dissatisfaction that should be troubling to both ASNE and educators (ASNE, 1990, p.1). Dennis (1990) summarized professional journalists' complaints this way: They do not like what is taught in communication schools, and they do not much like or trust those who teach it (p. 9). Both Lovell (1987) and Dennis (1988) called debate between journalism and professional journalists over content of media education the dialogue of deaf. Lindley (1988) urged journalism faculty to bridge gap between themselves and professional journalists. However, Weinberg (1990) wrote that doing so would be difficult. He noted, many newsroom professionals are far less optimistic than I, seeing not a glimmer of hope in evidence I have presented (p. 28). Indeed, harsh criticism of journalism education continued unabated. For example, publisher of Electronic Media called on journalism schools to close reality gap that separates journalism schools from journalism and suggested that journalism schools might fall victim to academic Darwinism if they don't make themselves more relevant (Alridge, 1992, p. 30). Also, chief executive officer of National Newspaper Association told participants at 1993 convention of Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC) that journalism were ignoring needs of newspaper industry and were soaking up tremendous resources and intelligent people's time writing things that industry doesn't need (Corrigan, 1993, p. 44). Dennis (1994) stated about such criticisms that the same tired debates continue decade after decade. These range from whether communication and journalism schools should exist at all to relative balance between theory and practice. The debate is deeply class-conscious and apparently unending (p. 8). In face of continued criticism of journalism education by professional journalists, AEJMC Vision 2000 Task Force concluded, the separation of journalism and mass communication units from their industrial moorings was becoming increasingly defensible (AEJMC, 1994, p. 21). Other journalism educators, however, have joined professional journalists in criticizing journalism education for distancing itself from needs of media professions. In a report funded by The Freedom Forum, for example, Medsger (1996) concluded that journalism education had drifted too far away from its practical roots. …

This article uses the diaries and private and professional correspondence of interwar gossip columnists to offer new insights into the professionalisation of popular journalism in interwar Britain. I argue that newspaper proprietors and editors “loved” the upper-class columnist, not only for the commercial success he could bring, but because his employment helped to define and stabilise the status of both the popular newspaper and the journalist in a period of rapid change. By focusing on the figure of the elite gossip columnist I argue that the upper-class gentleman influenced ideas of nationhood in the first half of the century. I also argue that new features of popular culture like the gossip column and the professionalisation of journalism, moreover, impacted on gentlemanly forms of identity. I develop these arguments in three ways: firstly, by exploring the cultural context of the gentleman-journalist, secondly, analysing the professional context in which they worked and, thirdly, by examining the gossip columnists' “private” diaries and letters.

Research problem: Over the past decade, the popularity of fantasy sports games has grown dramatically. A fantasy sport is a simulation game in which game players act as owners to build, manage, and coach imaginary teams that compete against one another, based on statistics generated by actual players or teams of a professional sport. In line with this, we have seen the emergence of various forms of media content being produced directly for those who participate in fantasy sports games-the most prolific example of this is writing for fantasy sports. This study aims to establish an understanding of how fantasy sport articles are currently being constructed by assessing the contributions of professional journalists and amateur writers. Research questions: RQ1: If the standardization of written discourse genres stems from the reciprocity between generic conventions and the responses to situations, then what are the differences between the discourse strategy used by professional journalists and that by their amateur counterparts in fantasy sports writing? RQ2: What are the writers' rhetorical goals and the reader-writer relationships they wish to establish through the fantasy sports texts? Literature review: This study is rooted in the notion of genre, a communicative event through which the writer and reader interact to make meanings in a particular context. Communication of fantasy sports involves the production of content that provides readers with news, analysis, and opinions about-and knowledge of-matters that concern the games, thus creating pools of intelligence which other fantasy sports players can use, add to, argue against, or ignore. This amateur-produced content and resulting knowledge communities formed by fantasy sports players have led to a genre development that professional communicators should examine because it reflects so much technical documentation and instructions have migrated into user-generated spaces. “The move” in genre analysis is a meaningful rhetorical unit that is related to the communicative purpose of a social activity and that contributes to the text's overall strategy within its situational context. Moves operate in coherence rather than isolation in a text. Methodology: A discourse analysis was conducted on 60 fantasy sports texts (30 by professional journalists and 30 by amateur writers) randomly selected from a few specific sources in 2012. A custom move scheme was devised for analyzing fantasy sports texts in this study. The results were analyzed using a chi-square test. Results and discussion: Results reveal significant differences between the discourse strategy used by professional journalists and that by amateur writers. These differences include amateur writers differing to some extent in their rhetorical goals from professional journalists as they offer media consumers a more balanced spread of information, that professional journalists place a substantially lower value on making predictions, that amateur writers and professional journalists share similar regard in terms of the appropriate amount of casualness to include in their writing although amateur writers are more included to build casualness in their articles, and that the use of writing techniques to invite further connection or engagement from readers is being underutilized by both professional and amateur writers. The major implications for the professional communicators are the insights into user-generated content, an approach in which organizations increasingly rely on for their product and service documentation.

The article is devoted to analyzing the current state of professional journalism in the era of the flourishing of antisocial networks. The author emphasizes that the context in which professional journalism operates has changed in many respects in the 21st century. These changes are manifold and sometimes contradictory, but they can be summarized as transitioning from a mass media environment to a network environment. The article describes four main scenarios of the development and coexistence of social networks and professional journalism. There are the synthesis scenario, the supplemental scenario, the supplant scenario, and the substitute scenario. The author said that the implementation of the most probable scenario depends on many factors. The problems and strengths of social media are emphasized separately. The classical journalistic workflow is presented in the article. Its main components are disclosed in a particular process, product, platform, and public. The author concludes that professional journalism certainly has a future in the age of social media. This future largely depends on how much journalism and journalism education can adapt to a new digital environment. What is mainly needed is journalism that offers perspective and is willing to cooperate with and listen to the public. That would be an excellent response to the trend that social media is gradually taking over parts of what used to be the domain of news media, concise and fast news. Consequently, professional journalism should specialize in slower and more investigative forms of journalism. There lies the future for professional journalism in the age of social media.

Growing media practitioner mobility, as well as the migration of Transnational Media Corporations across borders and media cultures, gives rise to new questions about how journalistic professionalism travels. Transnational Media Corporations carrying their own organisational cultures must operate in wider national, political and cultural settings that may create dissonance for the organisation and its professional journalists. Normativisation of journalistic professional practices shapes professional identity formation and journalists’ perceived roles of professionalism in the news-making process. A degree of dissonance may be expected when practitioners who have been trained in and first worked under traditional liberal Western press cultures, take up journalistic positions in State-Owned Transnational Media Corporations belonging to countries that the West characterises as authoritarian. The case of CCTV-NEWS, 1 as a State-Owned Transnational Media Corporation that recruits Western journalists, will be investigated to find out how journalists manage the potential dissonance. The significance of this interpretive research is that it offers a glimpse into how journalism professionalism travels in the context of increasing international employment mobility for journalists. In addition, research into CCTV-NEWS, as a State-Owned Transnational Media Corporations, from the perspective of professional identity of international employees, is an innovation.

The issues of the development of traditional news television in the context of a single information space are considered. The goal is to look at how much content creators and consumers agree in their predictions about the future of TV. The data of in-depth interviews were used as empirical material: professional television journalists (federal TV channels) and students (PFUR “Television” department) were interviewed. The contradictions between the two basic types of media consumption, which are characteristic of addressers and addressees of television messages, are revealed. It is shown that these contradictions explain the generational gap in the perception of modern news television programs, predetermine the decrease in TV consumption of news content from federal channels designed for a mass audience. The relevance of the work is due to the rethinking of the functions and prospects for the development of traditional TV by both professional broadcasters and consumers. The conclusion is made about the further development of news television. It is noted that, on the one hand (the opinion of professionals), traditional television broadcasting will be preserved while adjusting the agenda, rethinking interaction with the audience, changing the broadcasting paradigm, mastering new competencies by professional journalists and using the opportunities of the online space. On the other hand (students’ opinion), subject-to-object news broadcasting of federal channels will cease to exist when the generation of viewers and the funding model change.

Scholars, journalists, and laypeople alike have argued that the relatively new field of citizen journalism (CJ) offers a space where citizens can act as amateur reporters to challenge the dominance of mainstream media. However, contrary to popular expectations, a large number of CJ sites include current or former professional journalists as contributors, calling into question the new field's independence from the mainstream media. Using a content analysis of a sample (n = 326) drawn from the largest sampling frame of English-language CJ websites based in the United States to date (n = 1958), we explore potential explanations for the presence of professional journalists as contributors on CJ sites. In a series of logistic regression analyses, we find evidence that for-profit CJ sites and those with editorial staffs are more likely to have professional journalists. Furthermore, we find that sites with professional journalists do not offer significantly different content when controlling for other factors. Based on these findings, we theorize that CJ websites seek out professional journalists as a means of gaining legitimacy within a new organizational field. These results indicate a growing professionalization within the field of CJ and the persistence of a public sphere dominated by elite actors.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to undertake an analysis of the visual portrayal of women published in a professional journal within the built environment and to establish whether or not there is gender stereotyping through these published images.Design/methodology/approachA prominent property professional industry journal was selected for the research analysis. This journal was selected because of the national coverage within Australia and high prominence within the property industry. The analysis focused on a total of 166 pictures in the 2015 issues. The coding identified the publication year, issue number and page number of each photograph analysed and total number of pictures on each page. After this information was tabulated, each photograph was analysed using a thematic analysis approach.FindingsThe research identified that given the opportunity to be photographed ad hoc, women tend to take the dominant stance and yet when the pictures were posed, the women showed a tendency to adopt a submissive stance. Male images were 13.39 per cent in the dominance category indicating a higher score in comparison to females at 3.45 per cent.Practical implicationsWhilst it is generally accepted that there are more males in the built environment, the reality leans towards the notion that with less woman on property boards and management roles, it will be difficult to portray women in positions of authority and to balance the gender portrayal. In summary, the marginalisation of women is evident, and marketing media can be highly influential and unintentionally promote gender inequity with image portrayal.Originality/valueThis research provides a valuable insight on how women are portrayed in the property profession. The property industry and the professional bodies can provide an influential role to promote gender equality.