Modalities of heritage–border relations in a multipolar world order

This research uses Mongolian Ger as an example. Mongolian Ger is traditional dwellings that have predominantly located in central Asia for over three thousand years. These traditional dwellings form an essential part of pastoralism. The making craft of Mongolian Ger has been listed as national intangible cultural heritage in China in 2008. However, the Ger in recent times has been influenced by permanent grazing, tourism and modernity. The wooden material has been replaced by bricks, and the Gers has been transformed to solid structure instead of movable ones. They are now frequently used as tourism attractions and restaurants that have less original functions, which corresponds to the changes of Inner Mongolia’s society.

This chapter is designed to portray how sustainability for cultural heritage tourism management can be ensured through recognition of the tangible and intangible cultural heritages. Creating a bridge among people, the recognition of the intangible and tangible cultural heritages brings their revaluation for more sustainable tourism and opens the way to their acknowledgement in tourism industry practices. The chapter gives an overall idea of the tangible, intangible, and mixed cultural heritages in Turkey, representing one of the most prominent destinations in the world for the richness of its cultural heritage. Academic studies and the reports related to cultural heritage recognition practices in Turkey and the world are revised to bring recommendations and to develop a base for the discussion of practical implications for sustainable cultural heritage tourism management in Turkey. The study aims to be inspirational for both theoreticians and practitioners to create brighter cooperative projects.

This special issue aims to reflect on the legacies of the Bandung Conference in its 70th anniversary for the emerging multipolar world order. Seven articles in this special issue unpacks the many legacies of the Bandung Conference: from the epistemic visions of a new international order based on self-determination, sovereign equality, and postcolonial justice to the reshaping of the foreign policy of the ‘global south’ countries. We build on the legacies and pitfalls of the Bandung Conference to rethink what it means by, and what should be done for, the decolonisation agenda in world politics. We argue that the Bandung Conference has been able, primarily, to rethink the structure of international politics by embracing three visions of decolonisation: a political vision of territorial sovereignty and self-determination, an economic vision of equality and justice, and an epistemic vision for cultural and intellectual liberation from colonial legacies. However, these visions of decolonisation are threatened by the return of great power politics, sphere of influence, and the further marginalisation of the global south in an emerging multipolar world order. We argue that the global south needs to use opportunities from the multipolar world order to reassert their voices and agencies while at the same time critical of, and rejecting, the underlying imperial logic of the great powers. This special issue lays out some lessons from the Bandung Conference for a multipolar world order in three key sites of new global struggle: a political struggle to defend sovereignty, an economic struggle for global justice, and an intellectual struggle for equal knowledge production. These are the new Bandung visions for a multipolar world order.

The Historic Urban Landscape (HUL) Recommendation (UNESCO 2011) suggests that heritage management should be holistic, integrated, people-centred and focused on sustainable development goals. Both tangible and intangible heritage should be taken into account, allowing for appropriate change over time. A variety of stakeholders should be involved in planning processes, including all levels of government, NGOs and communities. Intercultural dialogue and mediation, as well as tools such as documentation, inventorying and mapping should be used to identify multiple layers of heritage. Implementing the Recommendation thus offers a wonderful opportunity to develop consultative, bottom-up, integrated planning for sustainable development in urban areas. This paper suggests that one barrier to integrating management planning for tangible and intangible heritage is a persistent confusion about what ‘intangible heritage’ is and why it deserves protection. Is it the values that local communities associate with their environment (‘intangible values’), or is it cultural practices that they happen to perform in that environment (intangible cultural heritage, or ICH)? Should ‘intangible heritage’ be managed as an attribute attesting to the authenticity of tangible fabric, or as a subject of safeguarding in its own right? If it means all these things at the same time, why is the same concept being used for so many different ideas and what are the consequences? The paper will suggest that a clearer conceptual understanding of intangible heritage is necessary to effectively integrate it into urban management strategies under the HUL approach.

In this chapter, the protection of traditional cultural expressions through the existing national protection of tangible heritage in African states is considered and evaluated. Ordinarily, the possibility of protection of traditional cultural expressions, which are often also intangible heritage, through a system designed for tangible heritage would appear to be remote because of their different mediums of expression. So long as tangible heritage is imagined to be different from intangible heritage, it would appear that tangible heritage protection serves little purpose for intangible heritage protection. If on the other, tangible heritage is intricately bound with intangible heritage, heritage protection is important.

In this study, we empirically examine whether the inscription of heritages on the UNESCO Lists attracts more international tourists. To do it, we suggest two main points. One is the use of a logit model in change variables. We emphasize that the reason for conflicting results in previous studies is the use of misspecified models. The other point is to differentiate the impacts of tangible and intangible heritages on tourism. Given the cultural diversity that exists across borders, information gap about the value of the heritages is larger in the case of intangible cultural heritages (where cultural contexts matter more) than the tangible heritages. Once inscribed in the UNESCO Lists, intangible cultural heritages are therefore expected to gain bigger signaling effects. Similarly, among tangible heritages, information gap is larger in the case of cultural heritages than natural heritages, as cultural characteristics are more relevant in the former. Based on the data collected from 72 countries for the period of 1995~2012, the empirical results reveal that the UNESCO-listed Heritages significantly promote international tourism. It is also shown that the intangible cultural heritages benefit more than the tangible heritages from the inscription because the inscription in the UNESCO Lists guarantees the value of the heritages. Among the tangible heritages, the cultural ones are shown to benefit more than the natural ones.

UNESCO seeks to build peace through international cooperation in education, sciences, and culture and contributes to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals defined in the 2030 Agenda. The present paper explores how UNESCO, the Jordanian government, and the local communities work together in the design and implementation of plans aimed at developing a knowledge-based economy, protecting Jordan’s natural environment and rich cultural heritage, promoting intercultural dialogue and cultural diversity, and in strengthening the institutionalization of culture for development. The present contribution is divided into two parts, the first covers the institutional/legislative framework; financial capacities of Jordanian institutions and describes the activities undertaken by UNESCO over the past years for the preservation of Jordan’s tangible heritage. The section shows UNESCO’s approach towards the conservation of sites from a more resilience-based perspective in an attempt to realize employment opportunities in the heritage sector and heritage as a vehicle for socio-economic resilience and sustainability. The second part of the present paper covers the collaborative efforts by UNESCO and the Jordanian Government in safeguarding Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) in the context of the UNESCO 2003 Convention for Safeguarding Intangible Cultural Heritage, including the inscription of ICH elements into the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, the establishment of certain Jordanian institutions related to ICH safeguarding, and UNESCO’s support for Safeguarding ICH in Jordan on the national and international levels. This includes capacity building, raising awareness on the importance of ICH, managing and supporting projects for drawing community-based inventories of ICH elements in Jordan, and integrating ICH into the Jordanian educational arena. Some recommendations towards safeguarding ICH in Jordan on both the governmental and societal levels are given, e.g., involving museums, enhancing media and information channels, developing educational plans, investmenting in ICH in the sustainable tourism sector, and modifying existing legislation and constitutional provisions to protect ICH and its bearers.

Abstract. Cultural heritage is a corpus of tangible and intangible heritage that is inherited from past generations. It includes signs and properties like places, objects, ceremonies, customs, practices, values and artistic expressions. The importance of cultural heritage is that it is not confined to a definite culture, but it belongs to the mankind as a whole. Thus, the international community has paid attention to the protection of cultural heritage all over the world. The protection has two aspects in the context of international law: humanitarian and criminal. The humanitarian protection is made during armed conflicts, whereas the criminal protection includes both peacetime and wartime. The criminalization of illicit activities against cultural heritage goes back to the Lieber Code of April 24, 1863, also known as instructions for the Government of Armies of the United States during the American Civil War. Since then, considerable developments have taken place in this regard. The two aspects of the issue are discussed in the present paper. The main purpose of this article is to provide a strict description of the two sorts of protection and evaluate the deficiencies and failure of the provisions on the subject. Keywords: cultural heritage, tangible heritage, intangible heritage, humanitarian protection, criminal protection, war crime

Museums play very important role in the education, because every museum contains the collection in the form of tangible and intangible heritage. If we talk about tangible heritage then we can include coins, pottery, metal, wooden material etc. and in intangible heritage we can consider craftsmanship, skill demonstration, folk theatre etc., but museums not only preserve the cultural objects but also exhibit to them and museums provide the facilities to the students, and researcher so that these user can use the museum's collection for education purpose. If we teach to the student through object then student can understand easily and he can perceive the concept of object therefore we should visit the museum to students or researchers so that they can research on the original object and there are many more methods of education which can be adopted by the museum for providing the learning opportunities to user. In this paper we will describe some tools and techniques used in the museum that help in giving education.

This essay focuses on the documentary film as a form of knowledge, representation, enhancement and communication of cultural heritage in general and architectural heritage in particular. Whereas the model of heritage has been changing in the last decades, progressively overcoming the dual trajectory between tangible and intangible heritage towards a more inclusive and holistic approach, the tangible heritage is here assumed as an expression of social values that it needs to know and communicate. In this perspective the young director Francesco Clerici’s work is analysed in the context of the international scene, as a good practice of heritage investigation, also querying if his projects have implications for the concept of heritage broadly, then examining the specific notion that the movies involve and its implications with the idea of a ‘dialogical heritage’.

The national interests of countries directly depend on the world order established at a certain time, which constantly transforms, exerting key influence on international economic relations. Understanding the changes of the world order of economic systems allows to understand the transformation of the national interests of countries. All countries can be conventionally divided into attractor countries and satellite countries, which form their national economic interests in accordance with the interests of attractor countries. At the same time, satellite countries can eventually become attractors, and vice versa. The goal of the article is to study the existing world order and its transformation from unipolar to multipolar. To achieve this goal, the authors have explored a change in the concept of national economic interests depending on the influence of global changes in the economy and on the transformation of national economic interests in a particular world order; they have also analyzed the historical change in the world order and determined its current format and assessed the current export-import operations of the leading European countries. It is assumed that the national economic interests of countries have changed as a result of the transition from a unipolar world order to a multipolar world order, including the national economic interests of European countries. As such, the national economic interests of countries should be transformed with due consideration of situational combinations of attractor countries. To test this hypothesis, the authors have analyzed publicly available documents, including statistical data on export-import operations of the key European countries, Russia, China, and the USA. In general, it has been proved that a multipolar world order has formed at the present stage of international economic relations; decision-making at the international level and ensuring national economic interests depend on the situational cooperation of the attractor countries, while some satellite countries are gradually transforming into attractor countries.

Cultural heritage and the study of the cultural landscapes of the islands are becoming an increasingly important task for modern researchers in an interdisciplinary context. The lesser-known islands represent an essential thematic aspect with their unique tangible and intangible local cultural heritage. Analytical research, case study, innovative projects and promotion of the cultural landscapes of the islands provide broad prospects for the development of sustainable cultural tourism, economic development of local communities and preservation of local cultural heritage. In this context, the cultural heritage of the Italian islands is a significant field of research. The article analyzes the features of preservation and promotion of the Italian islands’ tangible and intangible cultural heritage in the context of innovative approaches and cultural tourism. Based on the analysis of the cultural heritage of Italian islands territories on the UNESCO World Heritage List, a detailed analysis is devoted to the heritage of lesser-known islands, which are not included in this list but represent valuable aspects of cultural heritage. This year’s 1600th anniversary of the founding of Venice and the proclamation of the island of Procida as the cultural capital of Italy for 2022 gives particular relevance to this topic. The article is based on the study of Italian scientific literature. Paper analyzes trends in the current state of research, promotion and sustainable development of various types of the cultural heritage of the Italian islands to preserve the uniqueness of the cultural landscape, identity and development of local communities. The study of interesting innovative projects for the development of Italian islands provides an opportunity to study experience and new approaches in preserving and promoting the islands’ cultural heritage. The article analyzes the main thematic aspects of modern research on the cultural heritage of island territories, identifies areas of the current study of Italian researchers in this dimension and analyzes the prospects for further study of this topic

This article reviews the different factors which generated international standard setting for the safeguarding of intangible cultural heritage, examines the conceptual evolution of this notion, and traces the various steps of negotiations leading to the adoption of the Convention in 2003. The establishment of the first normative instrument was the Recommendation on the Safeguarding of Traditional Culture and Folklore (1989). Much attention had been given to the question of Intellectual Property Rights, which at the end was left aside for a more global approach. In 1997, the World Forum on the Protection of Folklore, organized by UNESCO and WIPO (the World Intellectual Property Organization), concluded that the copyright regime was not adequate for ensuring protection, but that a new international agreement was needed. The 1992 UNESCO 'Intangible Cultural Heritage' programme consolidated by the UNESCO/Japan Fund-in-Trust, the creation of a world list of Living Human Treasures in 1993, the 1992 United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity, and the subsequent setting-up of the United Nations decade for indigenous and minority people (1995-2004) generated a number of significant events in favour of the safeguarding of intangible heritage and made urgent the need for a new normative instrument. The Proclamation of Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity was conceived in 1997 as a means to fill the gap in the concept of 'world heritage', which refers mainly to the 'Northern' natural and tangible cultural heritage. The Assessment of the 1989 Recommendation played a catalytic role for the successful adoption of the 2003 Convention, in which a more holistic conception of 'heritage' prevailed, with a predominant role given to artists, practitioners and communities deserving of respect and motivation. This Convention marks a fundamental ethical positioning.

Intangible heritage restoration of damaged tomb murals through augmented reality technology: A case study of Zhao Yigong Tomb murals in Tang Dynasty of China

April 01 2004 New Perspectives on American Grand Strategy: A Review Essay Colin Dueck Colin Dueck Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Colorado, Boulder. Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Author and Article Information Colin Dueck Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Colorado, Boulder. Online ISSN: 1531-4804 Print ISSN: 0162-2889 © 2004 President and Fellows of Harvard College and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology2004 International Security (2004) 28 (4): 197–216. https://doi.org/10.1162/0162288041588287 Cite Icon Cite Permissions Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Search Site Citation Colin Dueck; New Perspectives on American Grand Strategy: A Review Essay. International Security 2004; 28 (4): 197–216. doi: https://doi.org/10.1162/0162288041588287 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsInternational Security Search Advanced Search This content is only available as a PDF. © 2004 President and Fellows of Harvard College and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology2004 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.