Mobile Internet and Income Improvement: Evidence from Viet Nam

Trends in the association between average income, poverty and income inequality and life expectancy in Spain

The paper describes the development of an air passenger demand model for the Baltimore–Washington metropolitan region that was undertaken as part of a recently concluded ACRP project that explored the use of disaggregated socioeconomic data in air passenger demand studies. The model incorporated a variable reflecting the change in household income distribution, together with more traditional aggregate causal variables: population, employment, average household income, and airfares as measured by the average U.S. airline yield, as well as several year-specific dummy variables. The model was estimated on annual data for the period 1990 to 2010 and obtained statistically significant estimated coefficients for all variables, including both the average household income and the household income distribution variable. Including household income distribution in the model resulted in a significant change to the estimated coefficient for average household income, giving a much higher estimated elasticity of demand with respect to average household income compared with a model that does not consider changes in household income distribution. This has important implications for the use of such demand models for forecasting, as household income distribution and average household income may change in the future in quite different ways, which would affect the future levels of air passenger travel projected by the models.

Evidence about the effect of exports on welfare at the local level is scarce. Using a unique dataset of international trade and poverty maps for almost 2,000 Mexican municipalities between 2004 and 2014, the study presented in this paper provides new evidence on the impact of a significant rise in exports on poverty and inequality at the local level. The analysis implements an instrumental variable approach that combines the initial structure of exports across municipalities with global trends in exports from developing to developed countries by sector. The results show that a 10 percent increase in the ratio of exports to workers reduces income inequality measured by the Gini coefficient by 0.17 points (using a 0 to 100 scale), but no significant effects on poverty reduction or average household incomes are identified. The lack of impacts on average incomes is driven by a rise in the supply of labor at the local level because municipalities with higher export growth experienced an increase in labor force participation and attracted more net migration, particularly of unskilled workers. Therefore, while total labor incomes grew in response to an increase in exports, average labor incomes per worker did not change. Declining remittances also blunted the effect of growing exports on household incomes.

Evidence about the effect of exports on welfare at the local level is scarce. Using a unique dataset of international trade and poverty maps for almost 2,000 Mexican municipalities between 2004 and 2014, the study presented in this paper provides new evidence on the impact of a significant rise in exports on poverty and inequality at the local level. The analysis implements an instrumental variable approach that combines the initial structure of exports across municipalities with global trends in exports from developing to developed countries by sector. The results show that a 10 percent increase in the ratio of exports to workers reduces income inequality measured by the Gini coefficient by 0.17 points (using a 0 to 100 scale), but no significant effects on poverty reduction or average household incomes are identified. The lack of impacts on average incomes is driven by a rise in the supply of labor at the local level because municipalities with higher export growth experienced an increase in labor force participation and attracted more net migration, particularly of unskilled workers. Therefore, while total labor incomes grew in response to an increase in exports, average labor incomes per worker did not change. Declining remittances also blunted the effect of growing exports on household incomes.

Ecotourism is one strategy for supporting conservation, generating income, and creating employment for communities living around protected areas. In Malaysia, the management of national parks (protected areas) focuses on the planning and implementation of various activities which contribute to the long-term conservation of the areas while mitigating or reducing conflicts between human and the environment. The issue is whether ecotourism development helps to improve income and reduce rural poverty. A case study was conducted in 2014 where 158 Malay households from Kampung Kuala Tahan were interviewed. Villagers engaged in economic activities related to ecotourism development in Kuala Tahan National Park (KTNP) area (2,477 sq. km) directly and indirectly. The result shows the average monthly household income of this village was RM4, 035. On the whole, about 90% of the average monthly household income was cash income while 10% income in kind. The income sources of villagers were from those within the state land forest areas (related to NTFP harvesting), and outside KTNP (related to forestry and ecotourism). Income generated outside KTNP(related to forestry and ecotourism) area was significantly high compared to those within state land forest and outside KTNP (non-forestry). On average, about RM1, 895 or 47% of the average monthly household income was generated from the ecotourism related activities and forest area. The highest percentage of cash income was from villagers’ engagement as tour guides. Income generated from this source accounted for 13% of household income. Ecotourism related retail stores or restaurant operators also significantly contributed to the average monthly household income at 10%. The incidence of poverty among the households in the village was 4% in 2014 compared to 3.4% among rural Malaysian households in 2012. The findings in this study showed that the income received from forestry related activities and ecotourism is important in reducing poverty among local households.

BackgroundCurrent research has focused on exploring the sources of parents’ anxiety about children’s education (PAE), and we continue in this direction by exploring the factors influencing parental educational anxiety in primary and secondary school students and the interactions among them.MethodsParental Educational Anxiety Measurement Questionnaire was used to measure the level of PEA. Pearson correlation coefficient analysis was used to examine the correlation between the level of PAE and the demographic variables. The method of multiple stepwise regression analysis was used to explore the demographic factors correlated with PAE. Two-way interactions in moderated multiple regression to examine the moderating effects of educational attainment on monthly household mortgage payments and PAE.ResultsOur results indicate that there were statistical differences among education level, average monthly household income, child’s stage of learning and monthly household mortgage payments; PEA were negatively correlated with education level and average monthly household income, and positively correlated with monthly cost of educational inputs. The results of multiple regression analysis showed that education level, average monthly household income, monthly household mortgage payment, and monthly cost of educational inputs were direct influences on PEA. Education level has a significant moderating effect on the monthly mortgage payment and PEA.ConclusionEducation level, average monthly household income, monthly household mortgage payment, and monthly cost of educational inputs were direct influencing factor of PEA.

This study aimed to evaluate the impact of mail order pharmacy services and travel time to pharmacy on HIV viral suppression rates among people living with HIV. For adult patients receiving HIV care from 2010 to 2015 at an urban HIV care clinic, we collected demographics, pharmacy type, viral load, and patient home and pharmacy address. We geocoded addresses and measured travel time to pharmacy by car and public transportation. No difference was observed in recent viral suppression rates based on pharmacy type (p = 0.41), distance to pharmacy (p = 0.16), or travel time to pharmacy by car (p = 0.20) or public transportation (p = 0.15). The only factors significantly associated with sustained viral suppression were number of doses per day of antiretroviral therapy, with patients prescribed twice daily regimens less likely to be virally suppressed than those prescribed once daily regimens (aOR 0.4, 95% CI, [0.1, 0.6]) and average household income in patients’ zip code, with patients living in zip codes with average household income <$40,000 per year less likely to be virally suppressed than those living in zip codes with average income >$55,000 per year (aOR 0.2. 95% CI, [0.1, 0.7]).

The purpose of this thesis is to find out and describe what factors influence the maturity level of palm oil FFB in Saleh Mulya Village, Air Saleh District, Banyuasin Regency so that the author can also see the level of income of oil palm farmers in Saleh Mulya Village, Air Saleh District, Banyuasin Regency. The respondents taken by the author were oil palm farmers who had a minimum land area of 1 Ha and still lived in Saleh Mulya Village, Air Saleh District, so the number of samples in this study was 30 samples and the samples were drawn deliberately or purposively sampling. The research method used in this thesis is description and income calculation. where researchers describe things that influence the level of maturity of oil palm fruit based on data obtained from interviews with farmers in Saleh Mulya Village are harvesting time, transportation, transport distance, harvesting rotation and the type of seeds used, where each factor has a different level of influence. The author also carried out income calculations and obtained an average income from oil palm farming of IDR 54,429,267/year, average income from non-oil palm farming was IDR 24,066,667/year and average non-farming income was IDR 35,000,000. So the average total household income is IDR 85,495,933/year.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence rates among individuals younger than 50 years have been increasing in many countries, including Canada. Whether changes in CRC incidence rates over time are uniform across income and age groups remains unknown. To examine time trends in CRC incidence rates in Canada by area-level average household income by age group from 1992 to 2016. A population-based, retrospective cohort study was conducted including individuals aged 20 years or older diagnosed with CRC in Canada (excluding Québec) from 1992 to 2016. Data analysis was performed from February 27 to September 28, 2020. Average household income was determined by linking an individual's postal code at diagnosis from the Canadian Cancer Registry to Canadian Census data. Average household income was then categorized into quintiles from Q1, the lowest income group, to Q5, the highest income group. Canadian Cancer Registry data were used to determine CRC incidence rates from 1992 to 2016. There were 340 790 cases of CRC diagnosed from 1992 to 2016; 11 790 cases (3.5%) were diagnosed in individuals aged 20 to 44 years. Colorectal cancer incidence rates for individuals aged 20 to 44 years increased for all income quintiles, with higher incidence rates in the lower income quintiles. The ratio between the maximum and minimum CRC incidence rates was highest among the 20- to 29-year age group from 1992 to 1996 (ratio, 2.67; 95% CI, 1.47-4.83) and 2012 to 2016 (ratio, 2.00; 95% CI, 1.29-3.10). For individuals aged 45 to 49 years, CRC incidence rates increased only for individuals in the lower income quintiles (eg, incidence in Q1, 1992-1996 vs 2012-2016: 4.54 per 100 000 [95% CI, 4.05-5.03] vs 5.37 per 100 000 [95% CI, 4.91-5.83]), with higher incidence rates in the high income quintiles (eg, incidence rate for Q5 in 1992-1996: 5.92 per 100 000 [95% CI, 5.36-6.48]). For those aged 50 to 54 years, CRC incidence rates were stable for all income quintiles, with less variability between income quintiles. For individuals aged 55 to 74 years, CRC incidence rates were stable or decreased for all income quintiles (eg, incidence rate for age 55-59 years in Q5, 1992-1992 vs 2012-2016: 17.97 per 100 000 [95% CI, 16.76-19.18] vs 14.56 per 100 000 [95% CI, 13.80-15.32]), and there was less variability in the rates by income quintile, particularly from 2012 to 2016. After age 75 years, CRC incidence rates were stable or decreased (eg, incidence rate for age 75-79 years, 1992-1996 vs 2012-2016: 66.43 per 100 000 [65.00-67.87] vs 57.34 per 100 000 [56.24-58.45]), were highest for the lower income quintiles, and variability between income quintiles increased relative to younger age groups. In this cohort study, trends in CRC incidence rates in Canada differed by age group and income quintile. These results suggest that, although population-based screening can reduce income disparities, targeted interventions and further research are needed to address the increasing CRC incidence rate among younger individuals in Canada, particularly in the lower income quintiles.

053 Impact of Socioeconomic Status on Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Health Behaviours in Youth

The Office for National Statistics has produced experimental estimates of average household income for Middle Layer Super Output Areas (MSOAs) in England and Wales. These are based on the Family Resources Surveys of 2004/05 and 2007/08, using a model which draws on administrative data to produce estimates for small areas. This article looks at spatial disparities in average income, in particular how it was distributed within regions and local authorities. The article found wide variation in patterns of average household income, in particular London had the widest spread whilst Wales had the narrowest spread, based on net income before housing costs (BHC) in 2007/08. Wales had the largest increase in average household income BHC since 2004/05, with the North West and South West having the smallest. West Midlands and the North East had seen the gap between the richest and poorest areas decrease the most, with only the East Midlands having a large increase in gap. Summary guidance is provided on issues associated with using model-based estimates. The article should be of interest to planners and regeneration specialists, and those who want to understand local economies.

To measure patient expenditure on additional drugs and tests in public services where tuberculosis (TB) drugs are supplied for free. Questionnaire survey of patients currently on treatment in eight TB dispensaries in two provinces; in depth interviews with providers at the facilities. Liver protection drugs (141/163) were prescribed for 86% of patients, 93% had one or more tests in the last month, and 23% were on treatment past the World Health Organization-recommended treatment duration. All but two patients were charged for something in cash at each visit: on average 287 Chinese Yuan (40 US dollars) in the previous month. For patients below the poverty line, drug and test expenditure was 1.85 times their average household monthly income. Average charges varied little between income categories. In terms of anti-TB drugs prescribed, 17.8% of regimens were inadequate by international standards. Providers reported they prescribe liver protection drugs to avoid medical negligence, and they believed they were effective; and the government subsidy for providing TB treatment was simply not enough. Despite an ostensibly fully subsidised TB programme in China, patients are charged substantive amounts irrespective of income. Research is needed to confirm these practices are widespread but this needs to be coupled with financing strategies to tackle it.

A farmer household income is an income earned by all household members. This income is measured from two different perspectives, those are income from the agricultural sector and non-agricultural sector. This study aimed to determine the household income of rice cultivator owners in Lubok Sukon village at Ingin Jaya Subdistrict of Aceh Besar District. This study used primary and secondary data types in which primary data is directly given to the respondents by using questionnaires. This study used an analytical method by using the formula for the household income of farmers. The study results revealed that smallholder farmers with a land size of 0.25 acres earned an average of Rp 9.996.499 /year, while rice cultivator owners with a land area of 0.30 acres earned an average of Rp 5.350.053/year. However, when looking at overall income, rice cultivator owners' average household income was Rp 75.516.440/year, whereas cultivators' average household income was Rp 46.292.158/year.

BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally. CRC and its treatment heavily impact patients' physical and mental health, often causing physical limitations, anxiety, and depression. Assessing health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in CRC patients is increasingly recognized as important, but more research is needed on influencing factors. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the quality of life of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients, and analyze other possible influencing factors to provide reference suggestions for improving the health-related quality of life of colorectal cancer patients. METHODS This study included patients diagnosed with CRC from secondary and tertiary hospitals in Hongkou district, Shanghai, China from 2020 to 2022. The HRQoL and utility scores of these patients were measured using the five-level EQ-5D (EQ-5D-5L). The EQ-5D-5L utility scores were derived from the Chinese EQ-5D-5L Value Set. The relationships between HRQoL and the socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of patients were further analyzed using Tobit regression. RESULTS Statistical analysis showed that the overall mean health utility scores of colorectal cancer patients were between 0.853 (SD = 0.214). Problems in the pain/discomfort dimension were reported by 50.68%, followed by problems in the anxiety/depression (47.34%), mobility (39.06%), self-care (33.25%) and usual activities (32.63%) dimensions. Besides, the Kruskal Wallis test showed that educational level, average annual household income, TNM stage, whether hospitalization or not, and payment burden significantly impacted the HRQoL of CRC patients. Specifically, higher education level, higher average annual household income, earlier TNM stage, hospitalization, and less payment burden corresponded to higher HRQoL. CONCLUSION In CRC patients, different annual average household income, TNM cancer stage, hospitalization status, and payment burden can significantly diminish HRQoL. Therefore, healthcare institutions should comprehensively consider various factors affecting the HRQoL and further improve the care of cancer patients in order to improve the physical function and psychological flexibility of patients and improve the HRQoL of patients.

Post-traumatic stress, depression and anxiety symptoms are common outcomes following earthquakes, and may persist for months and years. This study systematically examined the impact of neighbourhood damage exposure and average household income on psychological distress and functioning in 600 residents of Christchurch, New Zealand, 4-6months after the fatal February, 2011 earthquake. Participants were from highly affected and relatively unaffected suburbs in low, medium and high average household income areas. The assessment battery included the Acute Stress Disorder Scale, the depression module of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7), along with single item measures of substance use, earthquake damage and impact, and disruptions in daily life and relationship functioning. Controlling for age, gender and social isolation, participants from low income areas were more likely to meet diagnostic cut-offs for depression and anxiety, and have more severe anxiety symptoms. Higher probabilities of acute stress, depression and anxiety diagnoses were evident in affected versus unaffected areas, and those in affected areas had more severe acute stress, depression and anxiety symptoms. An interaction between income and earthquake effect was found for depression, with those from the low and medium income affected suburbs more depressed. Those from low income areas were more likely, post-earthquake, to start psychiatric medication and increase smoking. There was a uniform increase in alcohol use across participants. Those from the low income affected suburb had greater general and relationship disruption post-quake. Average household income and damage exposure made unique contributions to earthquake-related distress and dysfunction.