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Abstract
Scientific history has had a profound effect on the theories of evolution. At the beginning of the 21st century, molecular cell biology has revealed a dense structure of information-processing networks that use the genome as an interactive read-write (RW) memory system rather than an organism blueprint. Genome sequencing has documented the importance of mobile DNA activities and major genome restructuring events at key junctures in evolution: exon shuffling, changes in cis-regulatory sites, horizontal transfer, cell fusions and whole genome doublings (WGDs). The natural genetic engineering functions that mediate genome restructuring are activated by multiple stimuli, in particular by events similar to those found in the DNA record: microbial infection and interspecific hybridization leading to the formation of allotetraploids. These molecular genetic discoveries, plus a consideration of how mobile DNA rearrangements increase the efficiency of generating functional genomic novelties, make it possible to formulate a 21st century view of interactive evolutionary processes. This view integrates contemporary knowledge of the molecular basis of genetic change, major genome events in evolution, and stimuli that activate DNA restructuring with classical cytogenetic understanding about the role of hybridization in species diversification.
Highlights
Scientific history has had a profound effect on the theories of evolution
Just as our knowledge of mobile DNA has introduced new ways of thinking about hereditary change, the results of sequence analysis have documented several types of genome alterations at key places in evolutionary history, alterations which are notable because they happened within a single generation and affected multiple cellular and organismal characters at the same time: horizontal transfers of large DNA segments, cell fusions and symbioses, and whole genome doublings (WGDs)
Cell mergers and WGDs are the kinds of events that activate mobile DNA and genome restructuring
Summary
Significance of responses of the genome to challenge. 2. Darwin C: Origin of species London: John Russel 1859. 3. Lyell C: Principles of geology Edinburgh: John Murray 1830. 5. Huxley J: Evolution: the modern synthesis London: Allen & Unwin 1942. 6. Craig NL, Craigie R, Gellert M, Lambowitz AM: Mobile DNA II Washington, DC: American Society of Microbiology Press 2002. 7. McClintock B: A Correlation of ring-shaped chromosomes with variegation in Zea Mays. 8. McClintock B: The Production of homozygous deficient tissues with mutant characteristics by means of the aberrant mitotic behavior of ring-shaped chromosomes. 9. McClintock B: The behavior in successive nuclear divisions of a chromosome broken at meiosis. McClintock B: The stability of broken ends of chromosomes in Zea Mays. McClintock B: The fusion of broken ends of chromosomes following nuclear fusion.
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