Mixed-racebending as adaptation: rethinking multiracial casting in college-related young adult screen media

This guide accompanies the following article : Nikki Khanna, ‘Multiracial Americans: Racial Identity Choices and Implications for the Collection of Race Data’, Sociology Compass 6/4 (2012): 316–331, 10.1111/j.1751‐9020.2011.00454.x. Author’s introduction In 2010, approximately nine million Americans self‐identified with two or more races on the United States Census – a 32 percent increase in the last decade. President Barack Obama, the son of a white Kansas‐born mother and Kenyan father, was not one of these self‐identified multiracial Americans. In fact, Obama chose only to check the ‘black’ box, illustrating that multiracial ancestry does not always translate to multiracial identity. Since the 1990s, there has been a growing body of research examining the multiracial population and key questions have included: How do multiracial Americans identify themselves? And why? This paper reviews this research, with a focus on the factors shaping racial identity and the implications regarding the collection of race data in the US Census. Author recommends Khanna, Nikki. 2011. Biracial in America: Forming and Performing Race. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books. Looking at black‐white biracial Americans, this book examines the influencing factors and underlying social psychological processes shaping their multidimensional racial identities. This book also investigates the ways in which biracial Americans perform race in their day‐to‐day lives. Korgen, Kathleen. 1998. From Black to Biracial: Transforming Racial Identity among Biracial Americans. New York: Praeger. This book looks at the transformation in racial identity among black‐white biracial Americans over the last several decades. She finds that those born before the Civil Rights Era are likely to identify as black, while those born in the post‐Civil Rights Era identify as biracial, black, and sometimes white. She describes the declining influence of the one drop rule on shaping black identities, and the increasing importance of other factors, such as physical appearance. Perlmann, Joel and Mary Waters (eds). 2005. The New Race Question: How the Census Counts Multiracial Individuals. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. This edited volume examines how changes to the race question in the US Census affect how people are counted and the implications for public policy, enforcement of anti‐discrimination laws, and reporting of health, education, and income statistics. Rockquemore, Kerry Ann and David Brunsma. 2008. Beyond Black: Biracial Identity in America. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. Drawing on interview and survey data, this groundbreaking book examines racial identity among black‐white biracial adults. The authors describe a myriad of ways in which biracial Americans understand themselves racially, while also examining why people identify the way they do. Online materials Race: Are We So Different? http://understandingrace.org/ This website explores the common misconceptions about race through several interactive activities. Race: The Power of an Illusion http://www.pbs.org/race/000_General/000_00‐Home.htm This website explores the question ‘What is Race?’ through several interactive activities. Mixed‐Race Studies http://www.mixedracestudies.org/ This website is a useful resource for anyone interested in mixed‐race studies. Included here is information about articles, books, dissertations, videos, multimedia, and other resources related to multiracial people. Mixed Folks.com http://www.mixedfolks.com This site provides information about multiracial historical figures and celebrities, as well as links to books, websites, and comics featuring biracial characters. Mixed Chicks Chat http://www.mixedchickschat.com/ This site features an award‐winning weekly podcast about the multiracial experience. Included are approximately 200 episodes of interviews with scholars, activists, journalists, celebrities, and artists. Sample syllabus Part I: Introduction Week 1: Defining concepts Race & Multiraciality as Social Constructs. Spickard, Paul R. 1992. ‘The Illogic of American Racial Categories.’ Pp. 12–23 in Racially Mixed People in America, edited by Maria P. P. Root. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications. Khanna, Nikki. 2011. ‘A Note on Terminology.’ Pp. ix–xiii in Biracial in America: Forming and Performing Racial Identity. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books. Angier, Natalie. 2000. ‘Does Race Differ? Not Really, Genes Show.’ New York Times, August 22. http://www.nytimes.com/2000/08/22/science/do‐races‐differ‐not‐really‐genes‐show.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm . American Anthropological Association’s Statement on Race (1998): http://www.aaanet.org/stmts/racepp.htm . Part II: Historical background Week 2: Curbing ‘Miscegenation’ (Part 1) Interracial Mixing in Early America. Anti‐Miscegenation Laws. Zabel, William D. 2000. ‘Interracial Marriage and the Law.’ Pp. 54–61 in Interracialism: Black‐Whi

Back to table of contents Previous article Next article Book ReviewsFull AccessNew Faces in a Changing America: Multiracial Identity in the 21st CenturyBrian Tsuzaki, M.D.Brian TsuzakiSearch for more papers by this author, M.D.Published Online:1 May 2005https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.56.5.619-aAboutSectionsView EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail New Faces in a Changing America: Multiracial Identity in the 21st Century examines multiracial identity largely from a sociological perspective. The editors, Loretta I. Winters and Herman L. DeBose, are both associate professors of sociology at California State University at Northridge. The book's 18 chapters, each written by a different author, are organized into five parts: "Race as a Social Construct," "The Multiracial Movement," "Racial/Ethnic Groups in America and Beyond," "Race, Gender, and Hierarchy," and "Special Topics." Concerning the intended audience, DeBose writes in the introduction, "The book is written primarily for an undergraduate college course, but may be used as a supplement text for graduate courses. It is written for classes on multiracial identity issues and may be used as a reference for professionals who serve large multiracial populations (e.g., school personnel, therapists, human resource specialists, government agents)."One of the main topics of this book is the change in racial categorization in the 2000 U.S. Census. For the first time in the history of the census, people could check two or more racial categories, or "mark all that apply." This change was a huge issue to multiracial and minority peoples. Many multiracial organizations believed that this would give multiracial people an identity they had always been deprived of. On the other hand, many African-American organizations thought that a multiracial category in the census would "dilute the traditional minority count" and thus "undermine various state and federal programs aimed at minorities, such as minority business development programs and some affirmative action plans."The book also addresses the larger issue of racism in America. One chapter shows how the categorization of multiracial peoples has changed in the census throughout the past 200 years. It argues that these categorizations not only reflected the prevailing attitudes toward race at the time but also were used as tools to benefit the dominant race. Even the concept of race itself is scrutinized in this book. The question is raised, Is there a valid biological basis for separating people into races, or is race merely a manmade construct, a tool that has been used to gain power and money?As a last comment, I was struck by the regular use of provocative terms and ideas throughout the book. To give one example, Mary Thierry Texeira writes in chapter 2, "Moreover, we cannot understand the (multiracial) movement unless it is placed in the context of white supremacy. White supremacy informs us that divisions, including racial labels and categories among people of color in the United States, have always benefited a white power structure that has often endorsed attempts to disunite nonwhites." Although I didn't agree with everything in this book, it did help me better understand others' perspectives on race and multiracialism.Dr. Tsuzaki is a staff geriatric psychiatrist at the Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center in Honolulu, Hawaii.edited by Loretta I. Winters and Herman L. DeBose; Thousand Oaks, California, Sage Publications, 432 pages, $36.95 softcover FiguresReferencesCited byDetailsCited ByNone Volume 56Issue 5 May 2005Pages 619-a-620 Metrics History Published online 1 May 2005 Published in print 1 May 2005

What is the relationship between ethnolinguistic communities and ways of speaking? Who is an authentic speaker of an ethnolinguistic variety? In a time where scholarly and public conceptualizations of race and ethnicity are variable and rapidly changing, potential effects on both self‐identification and ways of speaking present an area ripe for study. However, linguistics and allied fields have often overlooked individuals and communities that do not neatly conform to well‐defined racial categories. As multiracially identified individuals are one of the fastest growing demographic groups in the United States, researchers will necessarily need to address the way that traditional methodologies have excluded individuals and groups who fall outside of these racial and ethnic categories. This presents a unique challenge for sociolinguistics in particular, since we are interested in how people draw on linguistic variation to perform aspects of their identities, including their races and ethnicities. This article examines the ways in which race and ethnicity have been traditionally conceptualized in linguistics and allied fields and draws on research from other social sciences to see how they have begun to study individuals who fall outside of traditionally preexisting social categories. The article also briefly discusses the results of one of the first major sociolinguistic studies on multiracially identified participants, which found substantial effects of self‐conceptualization and self‐identification on linguistic behavior of these participants, a result which informs how future work should consider individuals who identify as two or more races. Finally, it will address future directions for research at the intersection of personal identity, race, and language.

Rapid population growth is one of critical problems for most of Sub-Sahara African economic development. As a result of this, imbalances between population number and existing resource were intensified in developing countries including Ethiopia. Most of empirical studies show that rapid population growth was determined by different biological, social, economic and institutional factors. This study aimed to assess rapid rural population growth and its determinant factors in Wolaita zone. Relevant data were collected both from primary and secondary sources. Diverse types of data including demographic, socio-economic and policy-related data were obtained from 300 randomly selected rural households. Data were analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Wolaita is characterized by a high population density and a fast population growth rate above 3 %. Population growth was indeed higher than annual national growth rate. The average household size in the study area was about 6.7 members per household. Age at first marriage, educational level, daily income and livelihood security of household heads, and contraceptive practice are consistently significant and principal factors of large household size. The population theory aspect of Malthusian, Utility Cost Theory and Mediating Theory principles mostly aligned with the study area realities. Therefore, this study points out that managing rapid population growth by implementing a strict population policy/strategy in the study area is important.

Changing Ethnic and Racial Diversity in the United States: A Review Essay

This book by Jennifer Lee and Frank Bean, sociologists at the University of California (Irvine), examines the role of three processes—the “new” (post-1965) immigration, intermarriage trends, and multiracial identity—in increasing racial and ethnic diversity in the U.S. and how these may be contributing to a redrawing of the historical black/white colour line in that country. The subject of how U.S. racial boundaries may be changing is of great interest to researchers and the general public: the former shown by an extensive research literature, the latter reflected in numerous stories on race and multiraciality in the mass media, including extensive coverage of President Barack Obama’s election in 2008 as the first black and multiracial U.S. President. The idea of potentially new colour lines emerging in the U.S., and what this may mean for notions of race, “whiteness,” and “blackness,” is therefore intriguing for a country where race has been—and, many believe, continues to be—a central organizing principle in daily life. The book is divided into three parts, with ten chapters. Part I discusses the historical background, theoretical framework, and sociodemographic context for the study. There are four chapters in Part I, including one on racial categories in the U.S. census and the role of the new immigration in altering ethnoracial1 diversity in the U.S., particularly in metropolitan areas where immigrants tend to settle. Part II consists of four chapters, which document and describe trends in intermarriage and multiracial identity, and results from interviews with various intermarried and multiracial respondents. Part III contains two chapters: additional analysis in Chapter 9 clarifies the relationships between ethnoracial diversity, intermarriage, multiracial identity, and the diversity paradox of the book’s title, and the last chapter is a conclusion that discusses possible future paths for America’s colour lines,

In the 1990s the academy witnessed a strong interest in ‘identity politics’, particularly in the US, UK and broader Western context.1 This chapter will consider the term ‘multiracial identity’. It is a phrase which is becoming rather popular in the US largely through the activities and scholarship of a multiracial pressure group.2 Defining the term ‘multiracial identity’ involves examining two concepts in one phrase. As we have a working definition for ‘multiracial’ (see the Glossary), we can focus more here on comprehending the concept of ‘identity’ per se; recognising, however, that even though it is a slippery entity to define, it is still necessary to have an understanding of what it actually refers to. This is primarily for the purpose of gaining greater clarity in relation to any discussion involving ‘racial mixing’. After establishing a sociological definition for ‘identity’ we can then consider the theoretical and historical dimension of mixed racial identity discourse, specifically within a US and UK frame of reference.

The growing multiracial population has resulted in a need for professional psychologists to become knowledgeable about unique identity issues that may influence therapy with multiracial clients. The overarching goal of this article is to provide clinicians with current theory and research, as well as particular therapeutic strategies that will be useful in their work with multiracial clients. Specifically, this article (a) provides a brief review of some prevalent models of multiracial identity; (b) discusses several common themes derived from theory and research about multiracial identity, which should be taken into account when working with this population; and (c) offers some specific techniques and strategies that may be used in therapy to develop more accurate conceptualizations of multiracial clients.

The parenting practices of both transracially adopted Korean American adults and multiracial families are often overlooked in developmental science, yet are important to address, given that the majority of Korean adoptees are now adults with families of their own and given rapid increases in the multiracial population. This qualitative study examined the cultural socialization beliefs and practices among transracially adopted Korean Americans who are parents of multiracial Asian-White children. Drawing upon interviews with 31 Korean adoptee parents (29 female; Mage = 41.26), we identified four themes that capture parents' understanding of their children's multiracial identities, how that understanding subsequently shapes their cultural socialization practices, and how parents' socialization beliefs and practices vary by developmental stage. These themes described the ways that parents' cultural socialization practices were shaped by their children's phenotypes, parents' understanding of their children's multiracial identities, geographic location, and the multiracial family context. This study also demonstrated how multiracial couples in our sample engaged in cultural socialization together. Results suggest that Korean adoptee parents largely acknowledged their children's multiracial identities through labels, but primarily socialized children as monoracial minorities. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

This guide accompanies the following article: Annamaria Csizmadia, ‘The Role of Racial Identification, Social Acceptance/Rejection, Social Cognition, and Racial Socialization in Multiracial Youth’s Positive Development’, Sociology Compass 5/11 (2011): 995–1004, 10.1111/j.1751‐9020.2011.00418.x. Author’s introduction Multiraciality has been garnering growing public and scholarly attention since 2000. For the first time in Census history, the 2000 U.S. Census allowed individuals to identify with more than one race. The latest Census revealed that over 9 million individuals identified with two or more races (Humes, Jones, & Ramirez, 2011), and that they were one of the fastest growing racial groups in the last decade. Multiraciality has also become the topic of frequent public discussion thanks to the election of Barack Obama, the first Black, that is, biracial, president of the United States in 2008. Historically, multiracial individuals have been automatically relegated to the racial group of their minority parent (also known as the rule of hypodescent). Black‐White biracial people were identified as Black due to the one‐drop rule, which considered any person with a trace of African ancestry to be Black. Sociological and developmental research that has been burgeoning since 2000 revealed that contemporary multiracial youth identify in a variety of ways. They may identify as multiracial or as monoracial. They may choose to shift their racial identity depending on their social context. Finally, some refuse to identify themselves in racial terms altogether. In addition to this body of research, scholars have begun to examine the implications of racial identity choices for contemporary multiracial youth’s psychosocial adjustment. This paper reviews findings of this emerging body of research and suggests ways in which parents, school counselors, teachers, and social workers can support the positive development of the growing population of multiracial youth. Author recommends To develop an understanding of how contemporary Black‐White multiracial young adults understand themselves racially in private and identify themselves in public, I recommend the series of publications that summarize Rockquemore and Brunsma’s research on Black‐White biracial young adults from the Midwest, South, and East. A good place to start is their book Beyond Black: Biracial Identity in America published in 2002. This book provides a thorough background to the literature, their multi‐stage research design, and includes a copy of the Survey of Biracial Experience. This survey has been used in several recent studies to assess multiracial youth’s racial identification. Rockquemore and Brunsma elaborated on different facets of multiracial youth’s lived experiences in several peer‐reviewed publications. They investigated the roles of physical appearance (Brunsma & Rockquemore, 2001); geographic location (Brunsma, 2006), and gender (Rockquemore, 2002) in contemporary multiracial youths’ racial identification. For sociologists, social psychologists, and race scholars, who want to delve into the complexity of the multiracial experience, I recommend Daniel’s More than Black? Multiracial Identity and the New Racial Order and Brunsma’s 2006 edited volume, titled Mixed Messages: Multiracial Identities in the “Color‐Blind” Era. Brunsma’s edited book contains highly insightful chapters contributed by renowned scholars from the field (e.g., Davis, Bonilla‐Silva, Yancey, Spencer, Dalmage, and Rockquemore and colleagues). For family scholars, developmentalists with an interest in parenting issues, and parents of multiracial children, Rockquemore and Laszloffy’s Raising Biracial Children will be very informative. Brunsma, D. L. and K. A. Rockquemore. (2001). ‘The New Color Complex: Appearances and Biracial Identity.’ Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research 1(3): 225–46. Brunsma, D. L. (2006). Mixed Messages: Multiracial Identities in the “Color‐Blind” Era . Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc. Brunsma, D. L. (2006). ‘Public Categories, Private Identities: Exploring Regional Differences in the Biracial Experience.’ Social Science Research 35: 555–76. Daniel, G. R. (2002). More than Black? Multiracial Identity and the New Racial Order . Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press. Rockquemore, K. A. (2002). ‘Negotiating the Color Line: The Gendered Process of Racial Identity Construction among Black/White Biracial Women.’ Gender & Society 16(4): 485–503. Rockquemore, K. A. and D. L. Brunsma. (2002). Beyond Black: Biracial Identity in America . Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Rockquemore, K. A. and T. A. Laszloffy. (2005). Raising Biracial Children . New York, NY: Altamira Press. Online materials There are several organizations that are dedicated to providing support to multiracial children, youth, and their families. Websites of these organizations provide useful and practical information for parents, youth, and practitioners. They also allow multiracial people to connect with other multiracial peers. For scholars, they often serve as a starting point for recruitment of multiracial research participants. 1. The Mavin Foundation http://mavinfoundation.org/ 2. The Mixed Heritage Center http://www.mixedheritagecenter.org/ 3. AMEA: Association of MultiEthnic Americans http://www.ameasite.org/ 4. Race: The Power of an Illusion http://www.pbs.org/race/000_General/000_00‐Home.htm For students and scholars of race and multiraciality, the accompanying website to the three‐part PBS documentary on race is a good source of information. The site contains sample discussion questions, historical facts, and self‐quizzes to assess one’s view on race. It also contains short clips to the film. Understanding how the racial classification system and hierarchy of the United States evolved is essential to studying contemporary multiracial youth’s lives in context. Sample syllabus Topics for lecture and discussion and recommended readings

Editorial| July 01 2021 Note from the Editors: Precarious Mobilities Paula J. Massood, Paula J. Massood Paula J. Massood is a professor of screen studies and chair of the Barry R. Feirstein Graduate School of Cinema at Brooklyn College, City University of New York, and on the doctoral faculty in the Theatre and Performance program at the Graduate Center, CUNY. She is the author of Black City Cinema: African American Urban Experiences in Film (Temple University Press, 2003) and Making a Promised Land: Harlem in 20th-Century Photography and Film (Rutgers University Press, 2013), editor of The Spike Lee Reader (Temple University Press, 2007), and coeditor of Media Crossroads: Intersections of Space and Identity in Screen Cultures (Duke University Press, 2021). She is currently president of the Society for Cinema and Media Studies. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Pamela Robertson Wojcik Pamela Robertson Wojcik Pamela Robertson Wojcik is a professor in the Department of Film, Television, and Theatre at the University of Notre Dame and a Guggenheim Fellow. She is the author of Gidget: Origins of a Teen Girl Transmedia Franchise (Routledge, 2020), Fantasies of Neglect: Imagining the Urban Child in American Film and Fiction (Rutgers University Press, 2016), The Apartment Plot: Urban Living in American Film and Popular Culture, 1945 to 1975 (Duke University Press, 2010), and Guilty Pleasures: Feminist Camp from Mae West to Madonna (Duke University Press, 1996). With Paula J. Massood and Angel Daniel Matos, she coedited the collection Media Crossroads: Intersections of Space and Identity in Screen Cultures (Duke University Press, 2021). Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Feminist Media Histories (2021) 7 (3): 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1525/fmh.2021.7.3.1 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Paula J. Massood, Pamela Robertson Wojcik; Note from the Editors: Precarious Mobilities. Feminist Media Histories 1 July 2021; 7 (3): 1–18. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/fmh.2021.7.3.1 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentFeminist Media Histories Search When we proposed this special issue of Feminist Media Histories on “Precarious Mobilities,” we were thinking about all the forms of precarity that engender mobility or make movement, in all forms, arduous or impossible. We were thinking about how certain forms of mobility could be precarious, risky, even dangerous. We were thinking about the long arc of precarious mobility, such as the forced enslavement of millions of Africans in the Americas. But we were especially attuned to contemporary dynamics of this state of being as it relates to what has come to be called the precariat, an intersectional class of people who lack labor security and thus have unstable sources of income, people who have “no ladders of mobility to climb,” for instance those from the traditional working or lower middle class, migrants and ethnic minorities, and youth.1 We were thinking about precarious labor in the academy and the... You do not currently have access to this content.

How Relevant Is Malthus for Economic Development Today?

Although race-based discrimination and stereotyping can only occur if people place others into racial categories, our understanding of this process, particularly in contexts where observers categorize others based solely on appearance, is limited. Using a unique data set drawn from observers’ assessments of photos posted by White, Black, Latino, and multiracial online daters, this study examines how phenotype and observer characteristics influence racial categorization and cases of divergence between self-identities and others’ classifications. I find that despite the growth in the multiracial population, observers tend to place individuals into monoracial categories, including Latino. Skin color is the primary marker used to categorize others by race, with light skin associated with Whiteness, medium skin with Latinidad, and, most strongly, dark skin with Blackness. Among daters who self-identify as Black along with other racial categories, those with dark skin are overwhelmingly placed solely into a Black category. These findings hold across observers, but the proportion of photos placed into different racial categories differs by observers’ gender and race. Thus, estimates of inequality may vary depending not only on how race is assessed but also on who classifiers are. I argue that patterns of racial categorization reveal how the U.S. racial structure has moved beyond binary divisions into a system in which Latinos are seen as a racial group in-between Blacks and Whites, and a dark-skin rule defines Blacks’ racial options.

Publications about multiracial identity and the multiracial population increased significantly prior to the 2000 U.S. Census. Most of these publications emerged after 1997—a significant year in the recent history of studies on the multiracial population, as this was the year the U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB) established new guidelines for collecting data on race, allowing people to choose more than one race (Office of Management and Budget 1997). It quickly became evident that this change in how the federal government tallies race was a significant event that merited the attention of academics. This surge in research on multiracial identity and the multiracial movement reflected, on the one hand, a push by multiracial advocates for more attention to the complexities of “being multiracial” and, on the other hand, a group of scholars interested in understanding the unfolding of these events.

According to the U.S. Census, the multiracial population grew 276 percent between 2010 and 2020 and now represents 10.2 percent of the national population. Some believe that norms of hypodescent, which limited multiracial self-identification for most of U.S. history, are weakening. We explore two competing explanations: natural demographic growth and modifications in census methods and data processing. Through a cohort-level analysis of multiracial identification over time in the American Community Survey, we find that the multiracial population is growing naturally. However, most of the multiracial growth stems from changes in data processing enacted in 2020. Such changes doubled multiracial self-identification among the general population, which was fueled by a sevenfold increase among the Hispanic population. We confirm the absence of sharp cultural shifts in multiracial identification by examining data from the Current Population Survey, which did not implement data processing changes during this period, as a counterfactual data source.