Abstract
Axonal regeneration in the adult central nervous system is extremely limited after injury. As a consequence, there is typically little functional recovery after spinal cord injury, traumatic brain injury, or stroke and related conditions that involve axonal damage and disconnection. Axonal regeneration in the central nervous system fails for two reasons. First, the environment surrounding the damaged axons is hostile, in that it contains growth inhibitors that suppress axonal growth, and second, the damaged axons themselves have a limited intrinsic ability to regenerate. Hence, much of the basic research that is relevant to nervous system injuries has focused on the . . .
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