Mitigation of Chromium-induced Phytotoxicity in Citric Acid Supplemented Vigna radiata (L.) Seedlings by Modulation of Oxidative Biomarkers and Antioxidant System

This research intended to investigate the airborne chemical communication that occurs via volatile substances released by phyllosphere-associated bacteria, and it has been investigated whether it is beneficial to plants. The composition of halotolerant Pseudomonas sp. NEEL19 volatiles and impact on mung bean and fenugreek growth and metabolism were examined through co-culture in PPD. NEEL19 volatile mixtures (NEEL19 V+) enhanced the shoot and root length and chlorophyll content of mung bean under different saline conditions on short-term exposure. In particular, total chlorophyll a + b showed percentage increases of 58.15%, 67.00%, and 29.5% at 0, 50, and 100 mM NaCl, respectively. Furthermore, fenugreek seedlings’ biomass, shoot length, and chlorophyll content significantly increased while exposed to NEEL19 V+. In order to identify the range of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that NEEL19 released, SPME-GCMS was utilized. The predominant VOC was dimethyl disulfide, while volatile inorganic compounds (VICs), including CO2 and NH3, were examined using the volatile trapping method. Saline stress of 100 mM NaCl influences the quantity and composition of both VOCs and VICs production in NEEL19. The consequences of aqueous NH4OH (1–5 μL) exposure seed PPD assay disclosed that NH3 is one of the responsible volatile substances that trigger substantial alterations in shoot length, root length, total chlorophyll, and stomatal structure in mung bean seedlings. Whereas, fenugreek seedlings exhibited a high chlorophyll content overall. This study indicates that the release of volatile mixtures from NEEL19 promotes the growth and development of mung bean and fenugreek seedlings.

Different physiological and biochemical responses in mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) seedlings induced by graphene quantum dots (GQDs) (250–1500 mg L−1) were studied. Results showed that both seeds exposed to GQDs can still germinate normally. However, the growth of the seedlings after germination was adversely affected by the GQDs, and mung bean was more sensitive than tomato. In hydroponic experiments, the appropriate concentration of GQDs enhanced the accumulation of chlorophyll in mung bean (250–1250 mg L−1) and tomato (250–500 mg L−1) seedlings after exposure for 2 weeks. High concentrations of GQDs (1000–1500 mg L−1) led to an increase in the H2O2, malondialdehyde (MDA), proline, glutathione (GSH) levels, as well as increased catalase (CAT) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities in seedlings of both species. In addition, the migration of GQDs into plants was observed. Results showed that high concentrations of GQDs had an adverse effect on the growth of both plants, and mung bean seedlings were more sensitive than tomato seedlings. In addition, the problem of nanocontamination was suggested and the resulting food safety problems warrant further investigation.

Silicon and nitric oxide interplay alleviates copper induced toxicity in mung bean seedlings

Effects of citric acid supplementation on growth performance, intestinal morphology and microbiota, and blood parameters of geese from 1 to 28 days of age

Effects of NaF on amylase in mung bean seedlings

Physiological and Antioxidant Responses of Germinating Mung Bean Seedlings to Phthalate Esters in Soil

The role of exogenous spermine (0.25 mM Spm, a type of polyamine (PA) in reducing Cd uptake and alleviating Cd toxicity (containing 1 and 1.5mM CdCl2 in the growing media) effects was studied in the mung bean (Vigna radiata L. cv. BARI Mung-2) plant. Exogenously applied Spm reduced Cd content, accumulation, and translocation in different plant parts. Increasing phytochelatin content, exogenous Spm reduced Cd accumulation and translocation. Spm application reduced the Cd-induced oxidative damage which was reflected from the reduction of H2O2 content, O2•- generation rate, lipoxygenase (LOX) activity, and lipid peroxidation level and also reflected from the reduction of spots of H2O2 and O2•- from mung bean leaves (compared to control treatment). Spm pretreatment increased non-enzymatic antioxidant contents (ascorbate, AsA, and glutathione, GSH) and activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), and glutathione reductase (GR) which reduced oxidative stress. The cytotoxicity of methylglyoxal (MG) is also reduced by exogenous Spm because it enhanced glyoxalase system enzymes and components. Through osmoregulation, Spm maintained a better water status of Cd-affected mung bean seedlings. Spm prevented the chl damage and increased its content. Exogenous Spm also modulated the endogenous free PAs level which might have the roles in improving physiological processes including antioxidant capacity, osmoregulation, and Cd and MG detoxification capacity. The overall Spm-induced tolerance of mung bean seedlings to Cd toxicity was reflected through improved growth of mung bean seedlings.

Aspartate transcarbamylase (EC 2·1·3·2) purified from mung bean seedlings was used as a model to understand the mechanism of allosteric regulation. The enzyme exhibited homotropic interactions with carbamyl phosphate. Preincubation of the enzyme with aspartate abolished the sigmoidicity of the carbamyl phosphate saturation curve. UMP was the most potent inhibitor of the reaction and was noncompetitive with respect to aspartate. The sigmoidicity of carbamyl phosphate saturation curves increased with increase in UMP concentration. These results were analysed by an iterative least squares procedure. There was no change inV max values with increase in the UMP concentration, although theK 0·5 values (concentration of carbamyl phosphate required to reach half maximal velocity) increased. This implied that the effect of UMP was on the binding of carbamyl phosphate only and not on the catalytic function of the enzyme. The allosteric properties of the enzyme could be explained in terms ofK system of the symmetry model. The values of the allosteric constantsn, L andc calculated for mung bean enzyme, making use of the Monod equation accounted for all the observed properties. The enzyme appeared to be a tetramer (n=4) and in the absence of ligands was predominantly in theT form (L o= 2·25). Carbamyl phosphate bound preferentially to theR form (c= 10−3), while UMP bound preferentially to theT form and hence these two ligands exhibited the typical heterotropic interactions as expected of antagonistic ligands.

Transmission of tobacco necrosis virus by a fungus, Olpidium brassicae

N-Acyl-homoserine-lactones (AHLs) are bacterial quorum-sensing signaling molecules that regulate population density. Recent evidence demonstrates their roles in plant defense responses and root development. Hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), nitric oxide (NO), and cyclic GMP (cGMP) are essential messengers that participate in various plant physiological processes, but how these messengers modulate the plant response to N-acyl-homoserine-lactone signals remains poorly understood. Here, we show that the N-3-oxo-decanoyl-homoserine-lactone (3-O-C10-HL), in contrast to its analog with an unsubstituted branch chain at the C3 position, efficiently stimulated the formation of adventitious roots and the expression of auxin-response genes in explants of mung bean (Vigna radiata) seedlings. This response was mimicked by the exogenous application of auxin, H(2)O(2), NO, or cGMP homologs but suppressed by treatment with scavengers or inhibitors of H(2)O(2), NO, or cGMP metabolism. The 3-O-C10-HL treatment enhanced auxin basipetal transport; this effect could be reversed by treatment with H(2)O(2) or NO scavengers but not by inhibitors of cGMP synthesis. Inhibiting 3-O-C10-HL-induced H(2)O(2) or NO accumulation impaired auxin- or 3-O-C10-HL-induced cGMP synthesis; however, blocking cGMP synthesis did not affect auxin- or 3-O-C10-HL-induced H(2)O(2) or NO generation. Additionally, cGMP partially rescued the inhibitory effect of H(2)O(2) or NO scavengers on 3-O-C10-HL-induced adventitious root development and auxin-response gene expression. These results suggest that 3-O-C10-HL, unlike its analog with an unmodified branch chain at the C3 position, can accelerate auxin-dependent adventitious root formation, possibly via H(2)O(2)- and NO-dependent cGMP signaling in mung bean seedlings.

Purification and characterization of isoforms of β-galactosidases in mung bean seedlings

The protective roles of glutathione (GSH) applied on salt stress-affected mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) seedlings were studied. The salt stress (200 mM NaCl) significantly increased the malondialdehyde (MDA), methylglyoxal (MG), H2O2, and proline (Pro) content, O2 ·− generation rate, and lipoxygenase (LOX) activity and reduced the leaf relative water content (RWC) and chlorophyll (Chl) content. The salt stress also significantly reduced the ascorbate (AsA) content, increased the endogenous GSH and glutathione disulfide (GSSG) content, and reduced the GSH/GSSG ratio. The activities of mono-dehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), and catalase (CAT) decreased; and the activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) increased under the salt stress. The activities of glyoxalase I (Gly I) and glyoxalase II (Gly II) decreased under the salt stress (except the Gly II activity at 48 h). Mung bean seedlings which were treated with NaCl together with GSH showed an improved AsA and GSH content, GSH/GSSG ratio, higher activities of APX (only at 24 h), MDHAR, DHAR, GR, SOD (only at 24 h), CAT, GPX (only at 48 h), GST (only at 24 h), Gly I and Gly II under the salt stress compared with those treated with NaCl alone. The improved antioxidant and glyoxalase systems by GSH application decreased the MDA, H2O2, and MG content, O2 ·− generation rate, as well as increased the leaf RWC and Chl content. Thus, exogenous GSH improved the response of the mung bean seedlings to the salt stress.

Actin like protein, extracted and purified fromVigna radiata (mung bean) seedling, has been found to give positive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with mouse monoclonal antiactin antibody. In vivo studies show that cytochalasin B at sublethal dose inhibits the chromosomal movement at metaphase stage during germination. Fromin vitro studies it is found that the actin like protein isolated from mung bean seedling has a cytochalasin B binding property with a Kd value 1.2 × 10−5 M. From these two specific observations it appears probable that the biological function of mung bean actin like protein is to take part in cell division process directly or indirectly during the time of seedling development.

Dietary supplementation of vitamin E and citric acid could significantly promote the relative expression of PPARα and aconitase genes, concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids, antioxidant enzyme activities, and growth of juvenile cobia

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11756-022-01269-3.