Mission and Colonialism: Ludwig Harms’ and the Hermannsburg Mission’s Romantic Approach

Book reviewed in this article:FOUR BOOKS ON SOUTH AFRICA: South Africa. By W. A. ElliottFOUR BOOKS ON SOUTH AFRICA: A Father in God. The Episcopate of William West Jones, D.D., Archbishop of Capetown. By Michael H. M. WoodFOUR BOOKS ON SOUTH AFRICA: The Real South Africa. Introduction by the Right Hon. Andrew FisherFOUR BOOKS ON SOUTH AFRICA: The South African Scene. By Violet R. MarkhamNEW GUINEA AS A MISSION FIELD: Papua or British New Guinea. By J. H. P. MurrayNEW GUINEA AS A MISSION FIELD: The Ways of the South Sea Savage. By Robert W. WilliamsonNEW GUINEA AS A MISSION FIELD: The Land of the New Guinea Pygmies. An account of the story of a pioneer journey of exploration into the heart of New Guinea. By Captain C. G. RawlingNEW GUINEA AS A MISSION FIELD: A Naturalist in Cannibal Land. By A. S. MeekNEW GUINEA AS A MISSION FIELD: Twenty‐one Years in Papua. A History of the English Church Mission in New Guinea (1891–1912). By Arthur Kent ChignellNEW GUINEA AS A MISSION FIELD: An Outpost in Papua. By Arthur Kent ChignellNEW GUINEA AS A MISSION FIELD: In Far New Guinea. A stirring record of work and observation among the people of New Guinea, with a description of their manners, customs and religions. By Henry NewtonNEW GUINEA AS A MISSION FIELD: Greatheart of Papua (James Chalmers). By W. P. NairneNATIVE EDUCATION IN GERMAN COLONIES: Die Schulen für Eingeborene in den deutschen Schutzgebieten. Von Martin SchlunkNATIVE EDUCATION IN GERMAN COLONIES: Das Schulwesen in den deutschen Schutzgebieten. Von Martin SchlunkPENNELL OF THE AFGHAN FRONTIER: Pennell or the Afghan Frontier: The Life of Theodore Leighton Pennell, M.D., B.Sc., F.R.C.S. By Alice M. PennellA STUDY OF FAITHS IN DIVINE INCARNATION: Some Alternatives to Jesus Christ: A comparative Study of Faiths in Divine Incarnation. By John Leslie JohnstonTHE PACIFIC ISLANDS: Two Years with the Natives in the Western Pacific. By Dr. Felix SpeiserTHE PACIFIC ISLANDS: The Call of the Pacific. By J. W. BurtonTHE PACIFIC ISLANDS: L'Évangélisation des Indigènes Par les Indigènes. Par Léon MarchandTHE CAMBRIDGE MEDIEVAL HISTORY. VOL. II.: The Cambridge Medieval History. Planned by J. B. Bury. Edited by H. M. Gwatkin and J. P. WhitneyJUDSON: The Immortal Seven: Judson and his Associates. By James L. HillJUDSON: Judson the Pioneer. By J. Mervin HullJUDSON: Ann of Ava. By Ethel Daniels HubbardA READING COURSE IN FOREIGN MISSIONS: The Expansion of Christianity in the Twentieth Century. A Reading Course. Conducted by Ernest DeWitt Burton and Alonzo Ketcham Parker

The research was conducted with the aim of knowing the development of St. Yosep Cathedral Church of Pontianak City from 1909-1940. The research method used is the historical research method which consists of a. Topic Selection, b. Heuristics c. Verification, d. Interpretation, e. Historiography. The results of this study indicate that the entry of Catholicism into West Kalimantan in the early 20th century, especially in Pontianak which in 1909 was made a mission center and missionary center, the number of missionaries who came made many mission works established in Pontianak. This greatly influenced the Catholics and the people in Kalimantan especially in Pontianak thanks to Msgr. Pacificus Bos, O.F.M. Cap, and Msgr. Tarcisius Henricus Josephus van Valenberg, O.F.M. Cap. These two men were the pillars of the missionary works built in Pontianak, the most important of which was the Cathedral Church of St. Yosep Pontianak. This church is used as a mission center for missionaries, besides the church there is also Antonius Hospital and schools founded by the Pontianak Brothers School Foundation until now the results of this mission work are still growing and are still active until now, the mission works made by these missionaries greatly influenced the development of Catholics in Kalimantan, especially in Pontianak. In 1938 the Catholics reached 10,000 people but unfortunately in the 1940s the mission work stopped due to Japanese colonization, this made the development of Catholics not develop.

The article is devoted to studying the diocesan paperwork on appointment of widows of clergy as prosphora bakers in the 19th - early 20th centuries. It uses general scientific, historical, and special methods of document science. Despite an abundance of works devoted to the life of clergy in pre-revolutionary Russia, the issue of the Tobolsk Spiritual Consistory paperwork concerning request of the widows of clergy to appoint them prosphora bakers in the 19th - early 20th century remains unexplored. During the period of Church revival, it is of great importance to study the history of life of clergy and solution of their problems in the dioceses. The study is to identify the features of paperwork on appointment of widows of clergy as prosphora bakers in the Tobolsk diocese in the 19th - early 20th century. Having studied the previously unknown archival documents from the State Archive in Tobolsk, the author has found out what affected the duration of office-work processes and the number of their stages. Most quickly were solved problems of those women, who lived closest to the Tobolsk Spiritual Consistory, and of those, whose requests were uncontroversial. Thus, there was no need to collect the lacking data, to clarify the controversial points, to enter into correspondence, and the office work included the least number of stages — seven. The number of stages and, accordingly, time needed increased with the moteness of the widow’s place of residence from the city of Tobolsk, where the spiritual consistory was located. The main stages were nearly identical, however, sometimes additional documents were demanded. In case of appointment as prosphora bakers, these were, firstly, approvals expressing the consent of the parishioners and the clergy of churches in which women were to serve, or certificates of village councils, and secondly, tickets for travel to their places of service. These latter were not specific to this type of cases, but general for all personnel-related issues concerning placement in the service and transfer. Bureaucratization prevented widows from getting their desired place faster, but it contributed to a better preservation of documents, thus providing an opportunity for modern researchers to study valuable archival sources. The results of the research may interest archivists; they may be used in preparation of courses on records management, history of organization of office work, and of special courses on the history of office work in institutions.

South Africa both resembles and differs from the black states of modern Africa. South Africa faces many of the same economic, social, and political problems that confront the black states and has also chosen many of the same solutions to them (including a heavy reliance on the state, the use of parastatals in the economy, and an authoritarian and undemocratic form of governance). But the differences between South Africa and black-ruled Africa are equally striking. Whereas black Africa belongs to the Third and the Fourth World, in South Africa, the First World is superimposed on the Third World. In black Africa, the state is often ineffective; it is run by what Johnson Asiegbu, a modern Nigerian historian, terms “predatory elites.” 1 In South Africa, the state machinery works. South Africa may be a racist society that denies democratic rights to the great majority of its population, but the state effectively enforces its laws. The state can provide goods and services. The economy continues to expand. The bulk of the officials are capable and responsible. The condition of all ethnic communities (in terms of life expectancy, consumption of goods, the provision of educational—and other—services, and so forth) has improved, albeit at strikingly different rates. South Africa has not experienced civil wars like those that occurred in Sudan or Nigeria, ethnic massacres of the type that befell the Hutu in Burundi, mass terror of the variety enforced by African dictators like Sékou Touré or Idi Amin.

The recent anti-immigrant violence that erupted in South Africa in May 2008 did not only shake that country to its roots, but also shocked the rest of the world. Before that ugly incident, South Africa was often referred to as the ‘rainbow nation', a term originally coined by Archbishop Desmond Tutu, the country's revered cleric and Nobel laureate, to describe the country's heritage as a land of diverse cultures1. In the aftermaths of this latest violence in South Africa, the country has acquired a new reputation as one where xenophobia holds sway. Xenophobia refers to “the strong feeling of dislike or fear of people from other countries”2. It is the citizen's disapproval of foreigners living in one's own country or earning a living in one's country. From this viewpoint, it is obvious that the events of May 2008 in South Africa were clearly xenophobic violence. It must be noted however that those events were not the first of its kind as xenophobia has a particularly long history, even in Africa. In the 1980s, Nigeria was awash with anti-immigrant feelings that ultimately culminated in the expulsion of Ghanaians from the country. In the 1990s, it was the turn of Nigerians to be expelled from Equatorial Guinea amid tales of violence and intimidation. Further back in history, xenophobia has always been a topical issue. Rome had experienced severe stresses after non-Roman members of the empire settled in the capital, and on many occasions, anti-immigrant actions were undertaken by citizens to curtail the influx and influence of foreigners. Between the 17th and 19th centuries, Japan had isolated itself from the outside world in order to prevent the infiltration of foreign ideas into the fatherland3. And in the 19th and early 20th centuries, America was the setting for so much ill-will against the influx of Irish, Italian, and Jewish immigrants, this providing the basis for landmark racist laws in the country's past4.IFE Psychologia – Special Issue: Xenophobia Vol. 16 (2) 2008: pp. 261-273

The aim of the paper is to analyze and contextualize book trade advertising in Zadar periodicals in the early 19th century. The corpus consists of Kraljski Dalmatin, the first newspaper published in the Croatian language, and Zora dalmatinska, published during the Revival period entirely in Croatian. The advertisements found in the corpus were recorded, classified and analyzed, and the more interesting ones are discussed in the text. Research results indicate that the first newspaper published in Croatian, Kraljski Dalmatin, was used for occasional and modest book trade advertising - seven ads were found in all issues of this paper. 30 years later, Zora dalmatinska was used more frequently for different forms of book trade advertising. 93 examples found in thepaper advertise books, newspapers, calendars and almanacs, calls for subscription, reminders for overdue books and late returns, book reviews, etc. Two basic conclusions can be drawn from research results. Firstly, the publishers of the first newspapers published in Zadar grasped quickly the advertising potential of this type of media, which became a widely accepted means of communication in the early 19th century. Secondly, newspaper advertising reflected the current cultural and political circumstances, which is illustrated by frequent ads for the Revival works in book tradeZora dalmatinska.

Book reviewed in this article:THE HISTORY OF SOUTH AFRICAN MISSIONS: A History of Christian Missions in South Africa. By J. du PlessisASPECTS OF ISLAM: Aspects of Islam. By Duncan Black MacdonaldRELIGIOUS BELIEFS IN GERMAN NEW GUINEA: Deutsch‐Neu‐Guinea. By Prof. Dr. Med. R. NeuhaussSOME RECENT LITERATURE ON CHINA: Half a Century in China. Recollections and ObservationsSOME RECENT LITERATURE ON CHINA: The China Mission Year Book, 1911. Edited by D. MacGillivraySOME RECENT LITERATURE ON CHINA: Changing China. By the Rev. Lord William Gascoyne‐Cecil, assisted by Lady Florence CecilSOME RECENT LITERATURE ON CHINA: Tramps in Dark Mongolia. By John HedleySOME RECENT LITERATURE ON CHINA: China Under the Empress Dowager. Being the History of the Life and Times of Tzu Hsi. By J. O. P. Bland and E. BackhouseSOME RECENT LITERATURE ON CHINA: The Call of Cathay. A Study in Missionary Work and Opportunity in China Old and New. By the Rev. W. A. CornabyA CONTRIBUTION TO THEOLOGY FROM THE MISSION FIELD: Christ's Message of the Kingdom. A Course of Daily Study for Private Students and for Bible Circles. By A. G. HoggTHE BRITISH AND FOREIGN BIBLE SOCIETY: A History of the British and Foreign Bible Society. By William CantonTHE HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN BOARD: The History of the American Board: An Account of the First Hundred Years of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. By William E. StrongINDUSTRIAL MISSIONS IN INDIA: Report of the Industrial Conference at KodaikanalTWO LITTLE‐KNOWN MISSION FIELDS: Seventeen Years among the Sea Dyaks of Borneo. By Edwin H. GomesTWO LITTLE‐KNOWN MISSION FIELDS: An Unknown People in an Unknown Land. By W. Barbrooke GrubbINTER‐RACIAL PROBLEMS: Inter‐racial Problems. Papers communicated to the first Universal Races Congress, 1911. Edited by G. Spiller

Background. Pedagogical education in our country has been in the ever reforming process. Being subject to current realities, the nature, goals, and state and public expectations from pedagogical education are to be reviewed. There was a similar process at the break of pedagogical education in Russia. In this regard, historical genesis of pedagogical education in Russia in the 19th – early 20th centuries provides an opportunity to analyze some challenging issues facing the country over the considered period, to specify the patterns for the formation and development of pedagogical education, and to designate the peculiarities thereof. Purpose. The article aims to analyze the formation and development of pedagogical education in Russia in the 19th – early 20th centuries. Materials and methods. A retrospective analysis is the key research method. In addition, historical-structural, and comparative and contrastive methods were used to conduct a systemic analysis of the development of pedagogical education in Russia in the 19th – early 20th centuries. The article is based on the evidence from archival records, research material data, regulatory legal acts, and popular science fiction of the reviewed period. Results. The first extensive actions in the development of pedagogical education in Russia were taken in the 18th century. Since that time and throughout the 19th century, there was a gradual advance in pedagogical education. In addition to the main subjects, there were some disciplines specific to the pedagogical content knowledge (didactics, pedagogy, teaching methods, psychology, etc.) in the curriculum cycle for future teachers. First-ever domestic methodological guidelines for individual subjects emerged in the country. In Russia, there predominately existed male pedagogical education. According to the archival research and literature review, the country experienced an acute teacher shortage during the 19th century. To eliminate it, pedagogical departments were established at district Imperial Universities in Russia in 1804; in 1816, the Main Pedagogical Institute was founded to form the basis for other pedagogical institutions; in 1860, two-year pedagogical courses appeared at the Imperial Universities; in 1876, the issue regarding female pedagogical education was brought up, which led to the creation of the first pedagogical institute for women in 1903. In order to enhance the prestige of the teaching profession in Russia in the 19th – early 20th centuries, the state equated it to the public service, wherein each teaching position corresponded to a certain rank with all the privileges and state support; compensated for the costs of housing, lighting, heating, and educational literature; supported teachers’ families and encouraged childbirth among teachers and lecturers; provided pensions and gave the opportunity to receive awards that granted additional financial support. Having analyzed the problems of developing pedagogical education in the 19th – early 20th centuries, there are similar problems observed in modern Russia. Therefore, nowadays, it is vital to consider the methods and state initiatives for supporting and raising the prestige of the teaching profession of that time. In this regard, the relevance of the presented research is beyond doubt.

Trauma analysis in archaeological human remains can aid our understanding of cultural practices, socio‐economic status, environmental and social conditions, and even aspects of a person's occupation. For this reason, fracture patterns and frequencies can be useful in making inferences about the environment people lived and worked in. This is especially true for the 20th century mining industry where unskilled migrant labourers were often subjected to harsh working and living conditions. In this study, the skeletal remains of 36 Chinese indentured mine labourers, who worked and died on the Witwatersrand mines, South Africa, during the period ad 1904–1910, were assessed for evidence of trauma. Historical information suggests that these indentured Chinese labourers were unfamiliar with the workings of deep‐level mines and as a result sustained many work‐related injuries. Analyses suggest low frequencies of ante‐mortem trauma. In the few instances where they occurred, these healed fractures most probably reflect injuries already sustained in China, some time before Chinese indentured employment on the Witwatersrand mines. A high frequency of traumatic lesions, specifically peri‐mortem fractures, however, suggests a drastic shift in their working environment attesting to the hazardous working conditions associated with deep‐level mining in the early 20th century. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Issues in the Making of South Africa's Language in Education Policy

The history of African Christianity in South Africa in the 19th century would be incomplete without a discussion of Tiyo Soga, the first Xhosa man to be ordained a minister in South Africa. His work as a preacher and translator was key to the spread of African indigenous Christianity in the Cape. In 1866 he completed his translation of The Pilgrim’s Progress into Xhosa, a book that had a greater impact than the Bible on how many Africans learned about Christianity. Less well known is the history of his family, including his parents, his wife, his children, and his grandchildren. While it is possible to reconstruct lives of some of the Soga men, it is difficult to uncover the lives of the women. Tiyo Soga and his wife, Janet Burnside, had seven children, and the four sons (William Anderson, John Henderson, Jotello Festiri, and Allan Kirkland) became prominent figures in Eastern Cape and South African history. The daughters, Isabella, Frances, and Jessie, had less prominent careers. African Christianity was important for all of them, and the sons pursued careers as a doctor, a historian, a veterinarian, and a journalist. The third son, A.K. Soga, was important as both a journalist and an African nationalist.

The article presents the structure of source-oriented electronic databases created on the basis of personified mass sources that contain information about the population of Tambov in 1896-1917. The features and possibilities of using mass primary sources for the study of social stratification and mobility of the propertied strata of the population of the provincial center in the late 19th - early 20th centuries are analyzed. Methods of complex processing of electronic databases on social stratification and mobility of the population of a Russian provincial city in the late 19th - early 20th centuries are characterized. The scientific novelty of the study consists of the use of information technologies to implement the method of social identification of the elite and middle layers of the provincial Russian city in the late 19th - early 20th centuries, the basis of which is the approaches and methods of theories of multidimensional stratification and social mobility. The information potential of the bases made it possible to conduct social ranking, analyze the social mobility of the elite and the middle strata of the provincial center in the late 19th - early 20th centuries. The presented methods and technologies for the creation and complex processing of source-oriented databases on the problems of social stratification and mobility of the elite and middle strata of Tambov in the late 19th - early 20th centuries can be used to study social processes in relation to other settlements, chronological periods, class-social and professional groups of the population.

In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in social justice action that is deliberate and affirmative to marginalised groups in South Africa. The background to this is framed against a ‘Missionary-political justice’ or 'missional-political justice' approach, the clear distinctive that characterises missional imperatives that is very clearly related to postmodern South African culture... [and] emerging churches in postmodern contexts'. The use of this approach gives a new wave of interpretation in the field of mission in order to ultimately deal with developments in South Africa generally but more particularly within ecclesiological structures. An adequate case is defended, and the implications of apartheid in the current South Africa necessitate affirmative action as justice and finally an examination of justice and restitution as founded in Scripture, as a fundamental authority is argued. This article brings a missional-political discourse into discussion with the Scriptures as well as practical theology. It also explores the intersections between the theological theme of social justice from theological and educational interactions.

Chapter 1 follows Catholic women religious of the Maryknoll order into the mission fields of China and reads their letters and diaries for a multi-dimensional sketch of their encounter with Chinese women. Drawn from original research in the archives of Maryknoll to present a Christian account of these encounters, it also employs techniques of postcolonial historiography (informed by Homi Bhabha) to read these entries against the grain, catching glimpses of the perspectives of Chinese women as important contributors to the Christian theological thinking which the Catholic women undertake. Drawn from original research in the Maryknoll archives, this chapter contributes to the field of mission studies as well as an early 20th century example of women in interreligious encounter.

(1988). Industrial refugees: The migration of silicotics from the mines of North America and South Africa in the early 20th century. Labor History: Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 66-89.