Abstract
Abstract In recent years, because of the increasingly rapid pace of large-scale urbanisation and industrialisation in China, the energy structure of rural areas has radically changed. Bio-fuel, i.e., specifically straw, which was commonly used in traditional farming, has been replaced by fossil fuels due to their higher heating value; likewise, artificial feed and fertilisers are now widely utilised instead of straw. These transformations have brought about a radical change in rural energy patterns. One result is a large amount of surplus straw, which today is often burnt in order to clear the fields for the next crop, leading to a pervasive air pollution problem that affects both cities and countryside.
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