Minerals for future technologies: how Germany copes with challenges

Abstract

Abstract Energy transition, de-carbonization and the future of manufacturing will not end the import dependency of Germany's national economy, but it will most probably result in a shift to new and different dependencies. The need for new raw materials is rapidly increasing. Domestic resources may contribute to but not entirely meet the evolving demand. The supply of new raw materials requires new approaches in exploration supported by sound science. Here, we report in a summarized way on recent results of scientific research projects on critical minerals. Mineral commodities that have important uses and no viable substitutes, yet face potential disruption in supply, are defined as critical to a nation's economic and national security. The main topics are the assessment of critical mineral potential in primary ore deposits and mining waste, exploration of the deep subsurface and thermal brines, bioleaching and deep sea mineral deposits. Raw material development and extraction are affected by environmental concerns, especially groundwater and soil, and societal aspects, such as fair trade in supply chains.