Mineralization of antibiotic sulfamethoxazole by photoelectro-Fenton treatment using activated carbon fiber cathode and under UVA irradiation

Abstract

The mineralization of antibiotic sulfamethoxazole (SMX) of concentrations up to 300mgL−1 was examined by photoelectro-Fenton (PEF) using an activated carbon fiber (ACF) cathode with UVA (365nm) irradiation. Comparative mineralization has been studied by different methods: RuO2/Ti anodic oxidation (AO), AO in the presence of electrogenerated H2O2 (AO-H2O2), AO-H2O2 in the presence of UVA (AO-H2O2-UVA), and both the electro-Fenton (EF) and PEF processes. PEF treatment at a low applied current of 0.36A yields a faster and more complete depollution with 80% of the TOC removed after 6h of electrolysis. The higher oxidative ability of the PEF process can be attributed to the additional hydroxyl radicals (OH) produced by the photo-Fenton reaction. The 63% mineralization in the case of EF treatment was due to the formation of short intermediates, such as carboxylic acids, which were difficult to oxidise with OH. In the AO-H2O2-UVA process, about 36% of the TOC was removed after 6h electrolysis, while 28% of the TOC was removed in the AO-H2O2 process. SMX is only slightly mineralized by the AO process, with only 25% of the TOC removed. HPLC–MS analysis allowed for up to six aromatic reaction products to be identified during the SMX degradation in the PEF process, mainly formed from the hydroxylation of the aromatic ring or/and isoxazole ring, accompanied by the substitution of the amine group (on aromatic cycle) or methyl group (on isoxazole ring) by OH. The carboxylic acids generated, including oxalic, maleic, oxamic, formic and acetic acids, were detected by ion-exclusion chromatography. The initial organic nitrogen was mainly converted into NH4+ along with a very small proportion of NO3− ion. Considering all the oxidation intermediates and end products for SMX degradation in the PEF process, a general mineralization mechanism by OH and UVA was proposed.