Millet-based probiotic beverages: a comprehensive review of nutritional potential and applications in extended and challenging environments

Medical advice for international travelers.

Learning How to Believe: Epistemic Development in Cultural Context

Artificial intelligence (AI) promises to change health care, with some studies showing proof of concept of a provider-level performance in various medical specialties. However, there are many barriers to implementing AI, including patient acceptance and understanding of AI. Patients' attitudes toward AI are not well understood. We systematically reviewed the literature on patient and general public attitudes toward clinical AI (either hypothetical or realised), including quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods original research articles. We searched biomedical and computational databases from Jan 1, 2000, to Sept 28, 2020, and screened 2590 articles, 23 of which met our inclusion criteria. Studies were heterogeneous regarding the study population, study design, and the field and type of AI under study. Six (26%) studies assessed currently available or soon-to-be available AI tools, whereas 17 (74%) assessed hypothetical or broadly defined AI. The quality of the methods of these studies was mixed, with a frequent issue of selection bias. Overall, patients and the general public conveyed positive attitudes toward AI but had many reservations and preferred human supervision. We summarise our findings in six themes: AI concept, AI acceptability, AI relationship with humans, AI development and implementation, AI strengths and benefits, and AI weaknesses and risks. We suggest guidance for future studies, with the goal of supporting the safe, equitable, and patient-centred implementation of clinical AI.

Bibliography of the Publications of R. W. Southern

Much mainstream legal comment on human rights law presents an unhelpfully crude picture of disagreement concerning the significance that should be attached to human rights in particular cultural co...

Crowdsourcing: A Critical Reflection on This New Frontier of Participant Recruiting in Nutrition and Dietetics Research

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1. Research for this special edition was supported by an Australian Research Council Discovery Grant. We are grateful to Dan Halvorson and Lee Morgenbesser for able research assistance. 2. See Chan (1984 Chan, Steve. 1984. Mirror, mirror on the wall … are the freer countries more pacific?. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 28(4): 617–48. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), Doyle (1983 Doyle, Michael W. 1983. Kant, liberal legacies, and foreign affairs. Philosophy and Public Affairs, 12(3): 205–35. [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), Maoz and Abdolali (1989 Maoz, Zeev and Abdolali, Nasrin. 1989. Regime types and international conflict, 1816–1976. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 33(1): 3–35. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), Moaz and Russett (1993), Rousseau et al. (1996), Rummel (1979 Rummel, R.J. 1979. Understanding conflict and war. Volume 4: war, power, peace, Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. [Google Scholar]) and Weede (1984 Weede, Erich. 1984. Democracy and war involvement. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 28(4): 649–64. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). On the monadic theory regarding states in transition to democracy, see Rousseau et al. (1996) and Snyder and Mansfield (1995). 3. On the limitations of definitions, see, for example, Kegley and Hermann (1999: 101), who argue that the definition of military intervention is not clear, and Spiro (1994), who makes a similar claim regarding the vagueness of the definition of democracy, liberalism and war. On the merits of various indices, such as the Polity data set and Correlates of War (COW), see Munck and Verkuilen (2002 Munck, Gerardo and Verkuilen, Jay. 2002. Conceptualizing and measuring democracy: evaluating alternative indices. Comparative Political Studies, 35(1): 5–54. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). 4. As Elman (1997 Elman , Miriam 1997 . Paths to peace: is democracy the answer? Cambridge , MA : The MIT Press . [Google Scholar]) argues, part of the problem has been in case selection, with an overemphasis on cases involving the United States and excessive focus on the Fashoda Crisis and the Spanish–American War. 5. On methodological-based critiques, see Gartzke (1998 Gartzke, Erik. 1998. Kant we all just get along? Opportunity, willingness, and the origins of the democratic peace. American Journal of Political Science, 42(1): 1–27. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar], 2000 Gartzke, Erik. 2000. Preferences and the democratic peace. International Studies Quarterly, 44(2): 191–212. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]); on substantive critiques, see Copeland (1996 Copeland, Dale C. 1996. Economic interdependence and war: a theory of trade expectations. International Security, 20(4): 5–41. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), Farber and Gowa (1997 Farber, Henry S. and Gowa, Joanne. 1997. Common interests or common polities? Reinterpreting the democratic peace. Journal of Politics, 59(2): 393–417. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), Gates et al. (1996 Gates, Scott, Knutsen, Torbjørn L. and Moses, Jonathon W. 1996. Democracy and peace: a more skeptical view. Journal of Peace Research, 33(1): 1–10. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), Gowa (1995 Gowa, Joanne. 1995. Democratic states and international disputes. International Organization, 49(3): 511–22. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), Kegley and Hermann (1999 Kegley, Charles W. and Hermann, Margaret R. 1999. Putting military intervention into the democratic peace: a research note. Comparative Political Studies, 30(1): 78–107. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar]), Layne (1994 Layne, Christopher. 1994. Kant or cant: the myth of the democratic peace. International Security, 19(2): 5–49. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), Mearsheimer (1990 Mearsheimer, John J. 1990. Back to the future: instability in Europe after the cold war. International Security, 15(1): 5–56. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), Rosato (2003 Rosato, Sebastian. 2003. The flawed logic of democratic peace theory. American Political Science Review, 97(4): 585–602. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), Spiro (1994 Spiro, David E. 1994. The insignificance of the liberal peace. International Security, 19(2): 50–86. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) and Thompson (1996 Thompson, William R. 1996. Democracy and peace: putting the cart before the horse?. International Organization, 50(1): 141–74. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). On how, in the Lakatosian sense, ‘realism and/or neorealism has been “falsified”’, see Ray (2003: 241).

Weight excess association with severity in children and adolescents with COVID-19: A systematic review.

Porphyrin photosensitization and phototherapy.

God and Man at a Southern Appalachian Community College: Cognitive Dissonance and the Cultural Logics of Conservative News Talk Radio Programming

Support for Adolescents Who Experience Parental Military Deployment

Bibliography

To evaluate the accuracy of several methods aimed to detect Helicobacter pylori stool antigens in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Thirty-four patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding because of peptic ulcer were included. The first stool sample during hospitalization was collected, and stool antigens were determined with: polyclonal enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Premier-Platinum-HpSA); monoclonal enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Amplified-IDEIA-HpStAR); and rapid monoclonal immunochromatographic test (ImmunoCard-STAT HpSA). A patient was considered infected when H. pylori was diagnosed with invasive tests (rapid urease test or histology) or with (13)C-urea breath test. When all tests were negative, a new breath test was repeated after stopping proton pump inhibitors. All patients were infected and, therefore, only sensitivity of the tests could be calculated: polyclonal enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (74%), monoclonal enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (94%), and rapid monoclonal immunochromatographic test (60%; concordance between the two observers was high, kappa = 0.9). Neither the presence of maelena nor the delay in obtaining stool samples explained false negatives. Neither the polyclonal enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay stool antigen test nor the rapid immunochromatographic stool antigen test can be recommended to diagnose H. pylori infection in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. However, the monoclonal enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay stool antigen test is highly sensitive for detecting the infection in patients with this complication, although more studies are necessary to evaluate the specificity of the method.

The increased centrality of communication to contemporary capitalism has become recognized within the field of US communication studies, much as it has in many other departments across the social s...

Metabolic aspects of continuous renal replacement therapies