MILITARIZATION AND LOCAL RESISTANCE : HISTORY OF TNI INTERVENTIONS IN PAPUA CONFLICT SINCE INTERGRATION 1969

Relationship between corporation and local community in mining and oil industry in Indonesia has changed significantly since political reform (1998) and the enactment of regional autonomy (1999 and 2004). Social conflicts arouse as main symptom of such changes, that almost all corporations had common problems in their relationship with local communities. Based on previous studies, the anatomy of conflicts can be elaborated into three dimensions: causes, dynamics and resolution of conflict. Cause of conflict includes variables of political reform, inequality, exploitation, domination, empowerment, demographic and economic pressure; dimension of dynamics includes variables of fluctuation, escalation and type of conflict, role of actor and institution, and local cultural characteristics; and dimension of resolution consist of variables of old and new social contracts. With this framework this study analyses empirically the conflict between corporation and local community in Kecamatan Pangalengan, Kabupaten Bandung, West Java. The results indicate that there is a pattern of significance of causes, dynamics and resolution of conflicts, which is in general reveals a relation among dimensions of conflict. Keywords: cause of conflict, conflict dynamics, conflict resolution, social conflict

Call to action: Integrating student pharmacists, faculty, and pharmacy practitioners into emergency preparedness and response

With regard to access to land and forest resources, forestry legislation maintains an imbalance between the state, corporations, and local communities. Since the colonial era, forestry regulation has facilitated restrictions on the ability of local communities to benefit from land and forest resources, while also concentrating power in the hands of the state. To uphold state ownership, forestry law criminalizes customary practices, putting local communities at risk. In this sense, conflicts between local communities, corporations, and government agencies arise because of structural issues in the legal framework of laws and regulations that undermine the land rights of local communities. The establishment of the Constitutional Court in Indonesia in 2003 has enabled local communities and NGOs to challenge the Forestry Law. They use the Constitutional Court to support the resolution of forestry tenure conflicts. This article examines the extent to which the Constitutional Court can contribute to the resolution of forest tenure conflicts through judicial review of forest laws. This article discusses twelve Constitutional Court decisions regarding judicial review of the Forestry Law and the Law on Forest Destruction Prevention and Eradication. We found that the Constitutional Court has made a positive contribution to addressing the deficiency of forest legislation regarding local and customary land rights. The implementation of Constitutional Court’s ruling is not, however, a matter of self-implementation. The ruling of the Constitutional Court will only have significance if it is continuously promoted by various stakeholders in support of forest tenure reform to facilitate the resolution of forest tenure conflicts.

Rural governance and local involvement: assessing state—community relations in the Scottish Highlands

The Majapahit House heritage area in Trowulan, Indonesia, represents a significant initiative where local communities, government agencies, and cultural organizations collaborate to preserve traditional architecture while developing cultural tourism. This study examines how these stakeholders interact in implementing heritage tourism governance, focusing on the challenges of coordinating preservation efforts with development objectives. Through semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders and field observations, we analyze how different actors influence program implementation and outcomes. Our analysis employs interest–influence matrices to identify how stakeholders’ varying capabilities affect program success, while actor linkage analysis reveals specific patterns of collaboration and conflict in governance processes. Findings demonstrate how implementation success varies across villages based on local leadership effectiveness, resource coordination, and community engagement levels. This study reveals that successful heritage tourism development requires balancing provincial directives with community initiatives, particularly in aligning preservation requirements with local development needs. This research advances understanding of stakeholder dynamics in heritage tourism by providing a framework for analyzing collaborative governance in cultural contexts while offering practical insights for improving stakeholder coordination. Recommendations focus on strengthening institutional frameworks and enhancing coordination mechanisms between government agencies and community organizations.

Australia is a significant hotspot for heatwaves due to its geographical location and pronounced climatic variability, and heatwave exposure is expected to further increase in the future with anthropogenic climate change. With the intent to support United Nations Sustainable Development Goals 3 (Good health and well-being) and 13 (Climate action), in this study we identified key challenges and opportunities for adapting to heatwaves, focusing on the most vulnerable members of our community—older adults. A naturalistic, qualitative approach was selected for this study. Data were collected via semistructured interviews. Key insights were captured through a series of semistructured interviews with key informants from local government agencies and community groups that provide care for older adults in New South Wales, Australia. Questions centered around current preventative measures adopted by the organization regarding heatwaves, level of heatwave knowledge of local residents, and common effects of heatwaves in the local community. The findings highlight four primary challenges: (1) increasing duration and intensity of heatwaves; (2) lack of knowledge among older adults regarding symptoms and the effect on the body; (3) the financial and social impacts of heatwaves; and (4) inadequate urban planning practices and building codes including the need for the creation of cool and green spaces. This study provides important insights for protecting our most vulnerable populations from the growing threat of heatwaves.

Factors influencing and controlling vandalism by tourists and local indigenous communities at the Fandoghlou forest natural site

The author has accomplished the analysis of the essence of organizational and legal principles of community police officers’ activity (hereinafter – CPO), their interaction with other divisions of the National Police of Ukraine, state authorities, local self-government agencies and communities. The author has analyzed a set of tasks, functions and powers of CPO and the current state of regulatory legal provision of community police officers activity: has outlined the algorithm of actions of community police officers within the combination of functions of district police officers and patrol police officers. The author has outlined the perspectives for more effective involvement of local residents into formation of local and state security policy through new mechanisms of cooperation with local communities and civil society institutions developed by the practice of police officers of territorial communities; the author has provided a number of propositions for the development of regulatory legal documents that would regulate the activities of community police officers. The author has studied the essence of interaction of police officers and members of the community, its legal principles and forms of realization, problems of regulation of the activity of the newly created law enforcement institution. A new format of work of a district police officer, based on the principles of combining the efforts of local self-government agencies and law enforcement agencies, has been characterized. The author has defined a number of gaps in the legislative and regulatory provision of community police officers’ activities, including the establishment of effective coordination between community police officers and local communities and the elimination of existing or possible competitive interest that may arise in the process of their joint activities. The determinant of lag of performing professional activity by community police officers from the standards of similar services of the European Union countries has been defined.

The role of local actors in transforming the urban fringe

This paper summarizes an effort to transpose and sustain the evidence-based Early Risers "Skills for Success" conduct problems prevention program in a real world community service system. The Early Risers program had previously been implemented by a local agency within the context of research-based operations. In the current initiative, responsibility for funding and operating the program was transferred from program developers to a local community agency and county service system. There is a description of how the local community partnership adopted the program and real world program evaluation data pertaining to costs and implementation of the program over 2 years (N = 168 children) is presented. It is demonstrated that the local community system provided ongoing funding and that the agency implemented the program with acceptable exposure and participation. Editors' Strategic Implications: The authors carefully assess multiple elements of fidelity and share important lessons regarding community-based implementation, obstacles, and collaboration. The article should be of interest to anyone considering a replication of the evidence-based Early Risers program and also to a broader audience of researchers and practitioners involved in translational research.

O presente artigo aborda os mecanismos penais de controle social na América Latina, tentando identificar os excessos autoritários, utilizados como ferramenta de criminalização da pobreza e de grupos vulneráveis, sempre presente na história do nosso continente. Tais excessos do sistema de controle social latino-americano, que segundo Zaffaroni tem como modelo o projeto de controle lombrosiano, se devem muito às condições políticas e sociais características de nossa região, que instalaram um controle social racista e classista e que diferem da lógica do controle nos países centrais. Trata-se assim de estudar a constante criminalização, marginalização e repressão das classes populares, através do sistema de repressão político-criminal que afeta principalmente grupos vulneráveis e manifestações políticas de empoderamento popular. Assim, fazemos um resgate histórico bibliográfico, dos levantes populares, passando pela criminalização das maltas de capoeiras e pela repressão política, até finalmente desaguar no sistema proibicionista de guerra às drogas, que por sua estrutura se tornou um importante mecanismo de criminalização, violação aos direitos humanos, encarceramento e extermínio da juventude pobre latino-americana.

The conflict in Papua is a complex issue rooted in historical, political, social, and cultural factors. Papua has been Indonesia since 1969, but tensions persist due to separatist movements, the Free Papua Movement (OPM), and dissatisfaction with the region’s development and resource management. This research aims to analyze strategic planning in conflict resolution, focusing on governmental policies and their implementation. The study adopts a qualitative approach, using in-depth interviews, observation, and a literature review. In-depth interviews were conducted with informants from local communities, experts, and academics to gain comprehensive insights into the conflict’s dynamics. Observations were made to better understand social interactions and conflict resolution mechanisms, while the literature review helped frame theoretical perspectives on conflict resolution. The research finds that despite the implementation of the Special Autonomy Law (Otsus) in 2001, challenges such as lack of transparency in fund allocation and weak institutional roles, like the Papuan People's Assembly (MRP), persist. As a solution, the study suggests strengthening Special Autonomy by facilitating dialogue among all stakeholders, including neutral international mediators. It also recommends improved strategic planning in policy development, emphasizing the principles of equality, honesty, openness, and sincerity in the dialogue process to achieve effective and sustainable conflict resolution.

Background. For three decades, the South Caucasus region has been a hotbed of political instability and security tensions due to a series of armed conflicts. The region's geographical location at the intersection of east-west routes makes it important for various actors in international relations. Among them is the Russian Federation, which views the South Caucasus as a strategically important region that it has included in its sphere of influence for decades. At the same time, there are other states that are interested in the South Caucasus, including the United States of America. The concentration of Russian and US interests in this small area leads to increased competition for influence between us in the region and affects regional geopolitical dynamics. Methods. The following methods were used in the study: analytical, historical, comparative, and content analysis. Results. The history of Russia's military presence in the South Caucasus dates back to the imperial period. With various modifications, Russian troops are currently deployed in one way or another in the 3 South Caucasus states. Russia has an impact on both the political situation and the course of armed conflicts in the region, sometimes becoming a significant factor in changing the situation, as was the case with the conflicts in Georgia. The full-scale invasion of Ukraine by the Russian Federation has led to a rethinking by the leadership of the region's states of the expediency of having foreign troops on their territory. Nevertheless, even in such circumstances, Russia is struggling to maintain its military presence in order to maintain its influence in the region. This policy of the Russian Federation, in turn, clashes with the interests of the United States in the South Caucasus, which is interested in weakening Russia's influence and intercepting regional initiatives. The United States seeks to minimise Russia's military presence in the region, thereby depriving Russia of a significant lever of control over the region, and to increase its own involvement in regional processes. Conclusions. Russia has historically had strong influence and strategic interests in the South Caucasus. Its military presence is a key tool for ensuring Russia's influence over the South Caucasus states. However, in recent decades, other actors, including the United States, have also shown interest in the region. The United States has its own strategic interests in the South Caucasus: ensuring peace and stability, promoting democratic values, and combating Russian expansion, which creates a confrontation between Russia and the United States for leadership. The conflict between the two gives rise to various challenges and contradictions, including views on conflict resolution and competition in the economic and energy sectors. Russia will continue its active policy in the region, which challenges US strategic interests. The United States is expected to respond in an effort to protect its interests and reduce Russian influence in the South Caucasus.

ABSTRACTAbolitionism is an important, but often overlooked, theoretical and political alternative to the failings and injustices of the penal system and other forms of social control. While many have documented different approaches to abolitionist strategy, few have explored the work that is done sensitizing individuals to abolitionism, including in university settings. Through an analysis of student journal entries, this study discusses how students enrolled in a mandatory abolition course engaged with the viability of, and barriers to, a world without prisons, punishment and other forms of control. By looking at abolition as a threshold concept, we consider how students negotiate the concept of abolition as a radical justice alternative. As the journal entries showed, while students were able to understand the basic tenets of abolition, many remained in a liminal state between the existing system and the unknown landscape of abolition, and could not see its viability or possibility as a radical alternative. We conclude that other learning strategies may have been helpful in moving student through such a ‘dangerous’ concept. Further research on sensitising individuals to abolition is needed given the current proliferation and intensification of penal and carceral institutions today.

Much has been studied about the agrarian issues and its conflicts in Indonesia, but few of them have been explored in the context of small islands designated as a conservation areas. To fill the gap, this paper aims to analyze the dynamics of spatial utilization and tenurial conflict in the conservation area of Moyo Island, West Nusa Tenggara. Based on qualitative methods, the data was gathered through observation, in-depth interviews with 20 key informants, and secondary sources. This study reveals that spatial utilization practices on Moyo Island are problematic which has triggered a conflict as consequence. Forest areas have been openly and collectively encroached on by the local community to become agricultural land due to a lack of control by the local government as the authority. Meanwhile, extensive fishing practices and tourism activities are threatening the long-term viability of coral reefs in coastal areas. These difficulties are also intertwined with tenurial conflicts between local communities and Nature Conservation Agency of West Nusa Tenggara regarding land boundaries as well as the problem among local people and the private sector purchasing and selling property under the table. All in all, this study offers policy recommendations to resolve those problems on conservation area of Moyo Island.