Abstract
A review of measurement methods of the basic electromagnetic parameters of materials at microwave frequencies is presented. Materials under study include dielectrics, semiconductors, conductors, superconductors, and ferrites. Measurement methods of the complex permittivity, the complex permeability tensor, and the complex conductivity and related parameters, such as resistivity, the sheet resistance, and the ferromagnetic linewidth are considered. For dielectrics and ferrites, the knowledge of their complex permittivity and the complex permeability at microwave frequencies is of practical interest. Microwave measurements allow contactless measurements of their resistivity, conductivity, and sheet resistance. These days contactless conductivity measurements have become more and more important, due to the progress in materials technology and the development of new materials intended for the electronic industry such as graphene, GaN, and SiC. Some of these materials, such as GaN and SiC are not measurable with the four-point probe technique, even if they are conducting. Measurement fixtures that are described in this paper include sections of transmission lines, resonance cavities, and dielectric resonators.
Highlights
Knowledge of the electromagnetic properties of materials is important for their manufactures and users
Microwave measurement techniques operating at a frequency range from 109 to 1011 Hz are important for two reasons
The review of the microwave measurement methods presented in this paper is based on over 40 years of research work performed by the author
Summary
Knowledge of the electromagnetic properties of materials is important for their manufactures and users. Different measurement techniques are used which depend on the frequency of interest. Interaction of materials with electromagnetic radiation is described by Maxwell’s equations, where material properties are generally described by frequencydependent permittivity, permeability, and conductivity tensors. Microwave measurement techniques operating at a frequency range from 109 to 1011 Hz are important for two reasons. Because many electronic devices and systems operate at the microwave frequency range e.g., satellite TV, telecommunication systems, radars, GPS. Because some basic electric parameters e.g., resistivity, can be conveniently measured with contactless microwave techniques. The review of the microwave measurement methods presented in this paper is based on over 40 years of research work performed by the author
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