Microtopographic influence on bacterial biofilm development in habitat-like environments

Abstract

The interaction between bacteria and implanted medical device surfaces presents a significant challenge in healthcare. This interaction often leads to biofilm formation, resulting in prolonged bacterial exposure and operational complications. Consequently, the risk of developing multidrug-resistant infections increases, posing a serious threat to patient health and treatment efficacy. Effective prevention of biofilm development requires a comprehensive understanding of the physicochemical properties of biomaterials. Recent advancements in the study of natural antifouling mechanisms have provided valuable insights for developing materials resistant to bacterial colonization. These discoveries offer promising directions for creating more effective antifouling surfaces. However, the existing surface topographies of medical devices, originally designed for optimal tissue integration, may unintentionally facilitate microbial adhesion. This review highlights the crucial need to evaluate the biocompatibility of medical device surfaces, emphasizing the impact of their specific topographical features on bacterial adhesion and biofilm development. We emphasize that surface topography can either promote or inhibit bacterial colonization, depending on specific features such as roughness, pattern, and scale. Understanding these topography-dependent effects is crucial for designing surfaces that minimize bacterial adhesion while maintaining optimal functionality and biocompatibility for the intended medical application. Our analysis reveals significant findings regarding the complex relationship between bacteria and three-dimensional surface properties. This knowledge provides a foundation for further advancements in the development of efficient antifouling materials. By understanding the nuances of bacterial-surface interactions, researchers can design more effective strategies to prevent biofilm formation. Through an extensive examination of preclinical studies, this research not only elucidates the mechanisms of bacterial adhesion but also paves the way for innovative solutions.